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AcaDec 2024_25 Climate > Social Science Section 4 > Flashcards

Social Science Section 4 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Every scientist agrees the world is experimenting a climate crisis?

A

True

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2
Q

Who recognized that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could raise temperatures?

A

Eunice Newtin Foote

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3
Q

In what year did scientists begin to systemically measure carbon dioxide and realized it could cause global warming?

A

1950s

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4
Q

Who initiated a systemic measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide?

A

Charles David Keeling

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5
Q

In what year did Bert Bolin alert the National Academy of Sciences that increasing CO2 could have serious consequences?

A

1959

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6
Q

True or false: scientist in the 1950s knew what questions to ask regarding climate change?

A

False

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7
Q

Why is it difficult to know that climate change is causing a climate crisis?

A

Because there are many factors causing a climate crisis

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8
Q

True or False: Rare weather phenomena are occurring more frequently

A

True

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9
Q

True or False: Most people assume that the climate started drastically changing because of the industrial revolution?

A

True

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10
Q

True or False: only 1 factor links to the current climate crisis

A

False

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11
Q

which one of these is not a observable change to the earth system? ice sheet loss, warmer ocean & atmosphere temp, Technological advances, & sea level rise

A

Technological advances

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12
Q

“The Space Race was a driving force behind the scientific battle”. The space race concluded when 2 men did what in what year

A

Walked on the moon in 1969

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13
Q

When was sputnik launched, & subsequently the space race began

A

1957

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14
Q

True or False: We knew what impact burning fossil fuels had on the environment as early at the early 1800s

A

False

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15
Q

from 1958 to today, how much has the carbon in the atmosphere grown in ppm?

A

~100 ppm

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16
Q

Who is the Keeling Curve named after?

A

Charles David Keeling

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17
Q

True or False: The Holocene was an accepted time frame by most of the scientific community by 1969

A

False

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18
Q

When was The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) founded?

A

1958

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19
Q

How did space exploration propel the reorganization of scientific communities in the Soviet Union and the United States?

A

New institutions were created, the most notable being NASA.

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20
Q

What are two research programs that study climate change?

A

World Climate Research Programme and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

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21
Q

How much money did big oil industries make in profit in 2022?

A

219$ billion.

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22
Q

What is the disconnect between?

A

It was between the knowledge of experts and the knowledge of the average person.

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23
Q

between the years 2007 and 2022 what year did big oil industries make the lease amount of profit

A

2020

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24
Q

What does that disconnect mean for the distribution of knowledge?

A

It means that scientists must essentially dumb things down for the public to understand.

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25
Q

What is a carbon footprint

A

how much CO2 you put into the air

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26
Q

True or False our knowledge on climate change hasn’t changed from the 1990 to now

A

False

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27
Q

What is the biggest contributor to the fact that 2022 was big oil industries biggest year yet

A

The Ukraine and Russian war

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28
Q

When was the international treaty responding to Koyoto made?

A

1997

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29
Q

what is the Keeling curve

A

CO2 measurements:
Page 58: “in 1961 Keeling released his data on co2 measurements, documenting that carbon dioxide levels are rising. The graph showing the ever increasing levels of co2 in the atmosphere since Keelings initial records as become known as the Keelings Curve” AND page 55 graph at the top

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30
Q

who made the Keeling curve

A

Charles David Kelling

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31
Q

who is Bert Bolin

A

A Swedish meteorologist to alert DC of the temperature rise

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32
Q

True or false . from 2007 to 2022 all big oil company’s had a net positive income every year

A

False

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33
Q

True or false. The big oil company’s make more profit each year

A

False

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34
Q

The Republican party is characterized by/also referred to as?

A

conservative

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35
Q

True or False? The Republican party is pro-business and anti-government regulation of business.

A

True

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36
Q

Which of the U.S. political parties are more likely to question scientific findings about climate change and support the idea that taking climate action is bad for the economy?

A

Republicans

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37
Q

What percent of democrats supported climate change in 2023?

A

80%

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38
Q

What percent of republicans prioritized economic growth in 2023?

A

72%

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39
Q

What years was the former president Donald Trump in office for?

A

2017-2021

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40
Q

What did President Donald Trump say about the 2015 Paris Agreement?

A

The agreement to combat climate change would put the US at a “very big economic disadvantage”

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41
Q

Who are other important international figures who are against climate action?

A

Russian President Vladimir Putin and Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro

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42
Q

T or F: News Organizations are ALWAYS correct

A

False

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43
Q

True or false? The majority of Republicans/those who lean Republican do not think that human activity is or is not causing changes to the world’s climate (including increases in temperatures)?

A

False; according to the Washington Post-University of Maryland of 1404 adults 55% of the 445 republicans/Republican-leaning dependents agreed that human actions impacted climate change

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44
Q

Does the government need to be involved to combat climate change

A

There are a number of things that need to happen on a global scale and will LIKELY require a substantial amount of government involvement around the world

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45
Q

What does the UNFCCC stand for

A

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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46
Q

In 2022, a recent study found that nearly how much of the British broadcasters in the U.K. cast doubt on climate science?

A

1/3 (one-third)

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47
Q

What is the Kyoto Protocol?

A

A binding agreement among thirty-seven nations that was adopted in 1997 but wasn’t put into effect until 2005

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48
Q

When and where was the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) founded?

A

It was founded by the United Nations at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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49
Q

What was included in the Kyoto Protocol?

A

Procedures for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions, including registry systems to track and record emissions. Reporting annual emission inventories and a compliance system to help parties meet their commitments.

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50
Q

What organization was a catalyst of the Kyoto Protocol?

A

UN of Climate Change (UNFCCC)

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51
Q

Over the years 2008 to 2012 the participating nations in the Kyoto Protocol that had a total emission reduction of what compared to 1990 levels?

A

5%

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52
Q

The 2015 Paris Agreement that was adopted by 196 parties is also known as?

A

the Paris Accords or Paris Climate Accords

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53
Q

The Paris Agreement, following the scientific guidelines of the IPCC, set the goal of limiting the increase in global average temperatures to well below how many degrees in Celsius (above pre-industrial levels)?

A

2 degrees Celsius

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54
Q

What is the significance of 1.5 degrees Celsius?

A

a goal for limiting the amount of global warming above the pre-industrial average to 1.5°C by the end of the century

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55
Q

In order to reach the goal of limiting the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius what two other emission goals are important/included?

A

a peak in greenhouse gas emissions before 2025 and a 43% decline by 2030

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56
Q

True or False? According to the United Nations report from late 2022, the current emission reductions is very close/practically there to putting the world on track to meet the 1.5 degrees Celsius target by the end of the century.

A

False; the report concludes that we are not even close

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57
Q

What is the Green New Deal?

A

a policy proposal championed by U.S. Congressional Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Senator Ed Markey, and others that would involve government investment in building infrastructure and incentivizing industries to help address the climate crisis

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58
Q

What major public works investment from the 1930s’ does the name “The Green New Deal”

A

the New Deal which helped revitalize the U.S. economy during the Great Depression

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59
Q

What is the key idea of the Green New Deal?

A

that financial investment in mitigating climate change could actually boost new and existing industries and therefore the economy as a whole

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60
Q

When did U.S. President Joseph R. Biden sign the Inflation Reduction Act?

A

in 2022

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61
Q

How many parties adopted the 2015 Paris Agreement?

A

196

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62
Q

What was the goal of the IPCC and the Paris Agreement?

A

To limit the global temparture increase by about 1.5 degrees C by the end of the century

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63
Q

What is another word for Carbon Sequestration?

A

Carbon capture

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64
Q

What different types of power are there?

A

Hydrogen, solar power, wind power, and biofuels.

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65
Q

How much of a percentage of global energy did wind and solar make up in 2022?

A

12 percent.

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66
Q

What created the opportunity to build a carbon capture infrastructure in Louisiana?

A

Funding for climate action provided through the IRA.

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67
Q

What are the people who speak out about the issues of the climate crisis called?

A

Climate Activists.

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68
Q

The Missouri River was vital for protecting what?

A

the drinking water of the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation

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69
Q

The protesters of the Standing Rock targeted what pipeline?

A

One that was transporting fossil fuel underground in Canada to Texas

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70
Q

Who took action when her home was threated by a British company for mining?

A

Alessandra Korap Munduruku

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71
Q

With the help of her organization who did Alessandra K. M. demand out of her and everyone land?

A

Anglo American

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72
Q

How many participants and cities were in the movement “Friday for Future” in 2018?

A

14 million participants and 7,500 cities

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73
Q

Which 15 year old Sweden child sat in front of the Swedish Parliament to protest against her government?

A

Greta Thunberg

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74
Q

What was Greta Thunberg’s message?

A

“Politicians should listen to scientists and act accordingly”

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75
Q

In 2019 Thunberg’s gave a speech where?

A

Vienna

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76
Q

In early 2017 Trump ordered what to occur?

A

Pipeline construction to continue

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77
Q

When did Alessandra’s Victory help protect more than 400,000 acres of rainforest in the Sawre Muybu Territory?

A

May 2021

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78
Q

What is on the cusp of transforming human use of fossil fuels for human operated machines?

A

The use of electric energy and developments in batteries.

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79
Q

What is biochar?

A

Carbon rich charcoal from burnt crops added to soil

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80
Q

What is Afforestation?

A

Planting vast forests

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81
Q

What is climate colonialism?

A

Practices of extracting resources or producing clean energy in less-powerful countries and utilizing the benefits in wealthier nations.

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82
Q

What did the Biden administration attempt to incorporate with the Justice40 Initiative.

A

A concern for justice into policy

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83
Q

What goal did the Justice40 Initiative set?

A

It set the goal that 40 percent of overall benefits from Federal investment in certain categories flow to underserved communities.

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84
Q

What is the defining characteristic of Earth System Science?

A

It brings the subject of different fields into a single view of Earth.

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85
Q

Who is Lloyd Berkner?

A

An American Physicist and engineer (1905-67)

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86
Q

When was the WRCP established?

A

1980

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87
Q

When was the World Ocean Circulation Experiment?

A

1990-2002

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88
Q

What was Berkner’s suggestion?

A

That ICSU embark on a systematic and comprehensive study of global geophysical activities over a set period.

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89
Q

Where did Charles David Keeling conduct his research?

A

Hawaii at a base on Mauna Loa.1

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90
Q

Which program was at the center of advances in knowledge of the weather and climate in the 1970’s and 1980’s?

A

The Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP)

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91
Q

True or False: GARP stayed at the center for the study of climate change forever

A

False, WCRP succeeded in becoming the new center of studies in climate change in 1979.

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92
Q

Which of the following changes is NOT an Earth System change?
a. ice sheet loss
b. increased sunspot activity
c. sea levels rising
d. local ecological disruptions
e. warmer ocean temperatures

A

increased sunspot activity

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93
Q

When did people FIRST systematically measure carbon dioxide levels in the Earth’s atmosphere?

A

in the late 1950s

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94
Q

What nineteenth-century scientist realized the temperature-raising potential of carbon dioxide?

A

Eunice Foote, scientist who found that carbon dioxide can trap heat, raising temperatures

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95
Q

What is the name of the trend shown in the CO2 concentrations?

A

the Keeling Curve

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96
Q

What role does the United Nations play in addressing climate change?

A

facilitates international cooperation

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97
Q

What year was Sputnik launched?

A

1957 from the Soviet Union

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98
Q

Why was Sputnik’s successful launch a major accomplishment?

A

It marked the beginning of space exploration.

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99
Q

How did NASA’s founding MOST directly contribute to climate science?

A

It increased interdisciplinary collaboration, leading to progress in climate science research

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100
Q

Which field emerged from the MOST interdisciplinary scientific collaboration?
a. astronomy
b. the Earth System Science
c. international relations
d. biochemistry
e. astrophysics

A

the Earth System Science

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101
Q

What organization launched a systematic study of global geophysical activities during the 1950s?

A

the International Council for Science

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102
Q

When did the International GeoPhysical Year take place?

A

1957-58

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103
Q

How long does a sunspot cycle last?

A

11 years

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104
Q

What later development built off of the foundations of the International GeoPhysical YearY?

A

the establishment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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105
Q

Where did research about atmospheric carbon dioxide take place?

A

Hawaii, done by Charles David Keeling

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106
Q

Which nationality did Bert Bolin possess?

A

Swedish, he was a meterologist

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107
Q

Why did Bert Bolin travel to the United States in 1959?

A

to warn the National Academy of Sciences about rising CO2 levels

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108
Q

Who became the first chair of the ICSU’s committee on atmospheric sciences?

A

Bert Bolin

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109
Q

What climate agency did the United Nations establish in 1950?

A

the World Meteorological Association

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110
Q

What climatic process did the World Climate Research Programme study in the 1980s?

A

how the oceans and atmosphere interact to create weather

111
Q

How MOST did the World Climate Research Programme contribute to the environmental movement?

A

by raising awareness of climate change outside the scientific community

112
Q

Who pushed for the creation of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme?

A

Bert Bolin

113
Q

The International Geosphere-Biosphere added breadth and detail to our scientific knowledge about the

A

interactions between the Earth’s subsystems

114
Q

How did the World Climate Research Programme and the International Geosphere-Biosphere interact with each other?

A

by coordinating joint research initiatives

115
Q

Which of the following organizations is the OLDEST?
a. the World Meteorological Association
b. the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
c. the World Climate Research Programme
d. the Global Atmospheric Research Program
e. the International Council for Science

A

the International Council for Science

116
Q

Who proposed a systematic study of global geophysical activities in the 1950s?

A

Lloyd Berkner, which lead to the International GeoPhysical Year

117
Q

The IGY united scientists from all of the following subjects EXCEPT
a. meteorology
b. geomagnetism
c. gravity
d. oceanography
e. botany

A

Botany

118
Q

Which climatic process did scientists begin to understand in the 1950s?
a. how solar radiation interacts with the Earth’s atmosphere
b. how ocean currents affect weather patterns
c. how human activity contributes to ozone depletion
d. how greenhouse gas emissions contribute to global warming
e. how feedback loops amplify the effects of climate change

A

how greenhouse gas emissions contribute to global warming

119
Q

Where did Bert Bolin travel to discuss environmental issues in 1959?

A

Washington, D.C

120
Q

Why is the Keeling Curve important?

A

It highlights the causes of the current climate crisis.

121
Q

How did the ICSU respond to emerging data about atmospheric carbon dioxide?

A

by creating a committee on atmospheric sciences

122
Q

Which of the following organizations helped establish the Global Atmospheric Research Program?
a. the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
b. the American Meteorological Society
c. the United Nations Environmental Program
d. the World Meteorological Association
e. the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

A

the World Meteorological Association

123
Q

When did GARP MOST greatly contribute to climate research?

A

the 1970s and 1980s

124
Q

Where did the International Workshop on Climate Issues take place?

A

Austria, hosted by the ICSU, the WMO, and the UN Environment Programme

125
Q

When did scientists create the World Climate Research Programme?

A

1979

126
Q

Why did scientists create the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme?

A

to contextualize climate change and its causes

127
Q

How did the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme differ from its predecessors?

A

It studied climate change within an Earth System Science framework.

128
Q

Which main factor led to the creation of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme?
a. the belief that more coordination was required between policymakers and scientists
b. the desire for a new scientific program to contextualize climate change and its causes
c. the growing global necessity for experienced climate scientists
d. the actions of the United States’ government during the de-escalation of the Cold War
e. awareness of the decreasing amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

A

the desire for a new scientific program to contextualize climate change and its causes

129
Q

Within what scientific framework did the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme study global warming?

A

Earth system science

130
Q

In the 1980s, climate scientists focused their efforts on

A

raising public awareness about global warming

131
Q

What did scientists agree upon in the 1985 conference Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and of Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts?

A

that greenhouse gas emissions could cause global warming

132
Q

Which organization released a report that warned of the impacts of human actions on global warming directly after a 1985 conference on climate change?
a. Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment
b. World Meteorological Organization
c. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
d. UN Environment Programme
e. George C. Marshall Institute

A

Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment

133
Q

The Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases was primarily formed as a(n)

A

way to communicate scientific knowledge

134
Q

The 1988 WMO conference entitled The Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security was hosted in

A

Toronto, Canada in 1988

135
Q

What NASA scientist testified before the United States Senate that human-caused greenhouse gas emissions were the cause of climate change?

A

James E. Hansen

136
Q

In which decade did knowledge of climate change risks first spread widely?

A

1980s

137
Q

What organization was MOST influential in the spread of climate change science in the late 1980s?

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

138
Q

Who served as the FIRST chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?

A

Bert Bolin

139
Q

The main purpose of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was to

A

help scientists and policymakers communicate

140
Q

Which organization is seen today as the MOST authoritative source of information about global warming and climate change?
a. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
b. Scripps Institute of Oceanography
c. Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases
d. World Climate Research Programme
e. International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

141
Q

What decade featured the STRONGEST opposition to human involvement in global warming?

A

1990s

142
Q

What year was Merchants of Doubt published?

A

2010, by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway

143
Q

The authors of Merchants of Doubt are

A

historians

144
Q

Who retired from a directorial position at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography?

A

William Nierenberg

145
Q

What was the initial political agenda of the George C. Marshall Institute?

A

defending Cold War policies

146
Q

What significant event occurred in Europe in 1989?

A

the Berlin Wall fell

147
Q

What did the Marshall Institute argue was causing global warming?

A

solar energy variability

148
Q

President H. W. Bush’s initial position on climate change can BEST be described as
a. doubtful
b. wholehearted
c. indifferent
d. receptive
e. dismissive

A

receptive

149
Q

How did the Marshall Institute influence public perception of climate change in the 1990s?

A

by suggesting another cause of climate change

150
Q

The Marshall Institute’s paper can BEST be described as
a. flawed
b. comprehensive
c. deceitful
d. neutral
e. groundbreaking

A

flawed or biased

151
Q

What publication did the Marshall Institute use to address the public?

A

the Wall Street Journal

152
Q

When was the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change held?

A

1992

153
Q

Which President signed the Kyoto Protocol as a gesture of support?

A

Bill Clinton in 1998

154
Q

What was one of the reasons for the United States Senate’s decision regarding the Kyoto Protocol?
a. It mandated emissions reductions only for developing countries.
b. It required immediate economic sacrifices from the United States.
c. It forced the United States to eliminate its fossil fuel consumption.
d. It lacked support from the scientific community.
e. It was seen as unfair to developing countries.

A

It required immediate economic sacrifices from the United States.

155
Q

Who ran against George W. Bush in the 2000 presidential election with a focus on combating climate change?

A

Al Gore

156
Q

Which state’s disputed vote count led to George W. Bush’s win?

A

Florida

157
Q

The Kyoto Protocol called for

A

reducing greenhouse gas emissions

158
Q

Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the United States’ response to the Kyoto Protocol?
a. The United States Senate did not ratify it.
b. The United States pressured countries into supporting the treaty.
c. Politicians of both aisles advocated it.
d. The majority of voters did not support it.
e. The Clinton administration repeatedly rejected the Protocol.

A

The United States Senate did not ratify it.

159
Q

What proviso did the resolution passed by the Senate on July 25, 1997 contain?

A

The United States would commit to climate action after other countries with less wealth do first.

160
Q

What president signed the Kyoto Protocol?

A

Bill Clinton

161
Q

During the 2000 presidential campaign, Al Gore pledged to
a. impose tariffs on goods from countries that does not have climate regulations
b. provide government funding for climate science research centers
c. hold the developed countries accountable for producing greenhouse gas in the past
d. not let climate policies hinder the economic growth of the United States
e. be more proactive about combating climate change

A

be more proactive about combating climate change

162
Q

George W. Bush pursued a policy of
a. forcing other nations to cut back on greenhouse gas emissions
b. stabilizing the global oil market
c. developing renewable energy sources
d. strengthening the United States’ voice in the Paris Agreement
e. expanding global oil production

A

expanding global oil production

163
Q

The oil industry’s attitude towards climate science can be BEST described as:
adaptive, cynical, suppressive, indifferent, encouraging

A

suppressive

164
Q

In the 2020s, a climate skeptic would be LEAST likely to
a. believe that climate change does not warrant drastic measures
b. keep up with new scientific discoveries
c. refuse climate action on the basis of economic progress
d. claim that natural phenomena cause climate change
e. deny that climate change is occurring

A

deny that climate change is occurring

165
Q

What year has been the most profitable for big Western oil companies?

A

2022

166
Q

Which of the following companies is NOT part of the Western Big Oil?
a. Equinor
b. Aramco
c. BP
d. Shell
e. TotalEnergies

A

Aramco

167
Q

What oil company produced the concept of “carbon footprint” with a hired marketing company?

A

British Petroleum

168
Q

What is the United States Chamber of Commerce?

A

lobbying group that advocates on behalf of the interests of business

169
Q

When did the United States Chamber of Congress officially recognize that human activity contributes to climate change?

A

2019

170
Q

How many times did the United States Chamber of Commerce act against climate action in 2022?

A

25

171
Q

The Republican party is MOST associated with the support of

A

business

172
Q

What demographic within the Republican party has different views on fossil fuels and climate change compared to older members?

A

younger Republicans

173
Q

What did the 2023 poll reveal about the impact of political views on people’s perceptions of weather-related events?

A

Political views have no impact on perceptions of weather

174
Q

According to the Marist Poll’s 2023 poll, how do Independents feel about promoting economic growth at the risk of climate change?

A

They are fully in support of climate change.

175
Q

For which demographic were the responses to Marist Poll’s question over climate change the most evenly distributed?

A

adults

176
Q

According to The Washington Post, which weather-related event is NOT more likely to be perceived by Democrats as affecting their local area compared to Republicans?
a. droughts
b. hurricanes
c. freezing temperatures
d. flooding
e. wildfires

A

freezing temperatures

177
Q

According to the poll from 2023, what percent of Republicans agree that human activity is causing changes to the world’s climate?

A

45%

178
Q

What United States government official stated that the 2015 Paris Agreement put the nation at a “very big economic disadvantage”?

A

Donald Trump

179
Q

What did Vladimir Putin do about climate change?

A

formed a coalition against cooperative climate action

180
Q

Which of the following controversial actions did Jair Bolsonaro take regarding the climate in his country?
a. He facilitated a rapid increase in the deforestation of the rainforest.
b. He opposed the widespread adoption of solar panels.
c. He undermined the network of protected wildlife reserves.
d. He cut funding for a large-scale wind turbine project.
e. He overruled strict carbon emissions regulations for industries.

A

He facilitated a rapid increase in the deforestation of the rainforest.

181
Q

According to The Washington Post’s survey in 2023, what percentage of overall participants believe human activity contributes to climate change?

A

74%

182
Q

To say that climate change is a wedge issue means that it is

A

highly polarizing

183
Q

Which of the following popular ideas about climate change was a myth in the 1990s?
a. Renewable energy would never be a viable alternative to fossil fuels.
b. Economic growth and climate protection were mutually exclusive.
c. Scientists were split over the validity of climate change.
d. Climate change was only a concern for scientists and not the general public.
e. Technological advancements would soon solve any climate issues.

A

Scientists were split over the validity of climate change.

184
Q

What proportion of British broadcasters cast doubt on climate science in 2022?

A

nearly a third

185
Q

During what natural disaster did Fox News host Laura Ingraham give airtime to deniers of the scientific dangers of smoke?

A

Canadian forest fires

186
Q

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was founded at a meeting in

A

Rio de Janeiro

187
Q

Which group’s involvement is NOT primarily necessary to fully slow and stop global warming?
a. large businesses
b. powerful industries
c. national governments
d. Indigenous populations
e. mass populations

A

Indigenous populations

188
Q

The founding of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 represented a milestone in

A

coordination between scientific and government authority

189
Q

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was an important step towards the later creation of the

A

Kyoto Protocol

190
Q

How many nations made binding commitments to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol?

A

37

191
Q

What was the overall agreement on emission reductions for 2008 to 2012 in the Kyoto Protocol?

A

five percent reduction

192
Q

What did the Kyoto Protocol offer to countries unable to meet their own domestic emission reduction goals?

A

Countries were instructed to help reduce global emissions as a whole.

193
Q

What procedures for monitoring emissions did the Kyoto Protocol NOT involve?
a. methods for recording emissions
b. compliance systems for managing commitments
c. systems to track emissions
d. introduction of greener infrastructure
e. means to report annual emissions

A

introduction of greener infrastructure

194
Q

Which scientific organization provided guidelines for the Paris Agreement?

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

195
Q

What was the target change in global average temperatures of the Paris Agreement?

A

2°C increase yearly

196
Q

What is the baseline for measurements of temperature increase in the Paris Agreement?

A

pre-industrial yearly temperature increases

197
Q

What new target in yearly global temperature change has been set by national leaders?

A

1.5°C increase

198
Q

When does a peak in greenhouse gas emissions need to occur to meet the new targeted percentage of temperature increase?

A

before 2025

199
Q

A 2022 United Nations report on climate change indicated that the current pace of emission reductions is

A

not on track to meet temperature goals

200
Q

In 2022, carbon dioxide emissions

A

reached a new all-time high

201
Q

Legislators proposed the Green New Deal during the

A

Trump Administration

202
Q

What two legislators advocated for the Green New Deal?

A

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Ed Markey

203
Q

Why, most simply, did the Green New Deal not become law?

A

The president did not support it.

204
Q

Proponents of the Green New Deal argued that

A

its investments would stimulate the economy

205
Q

The name “Green New Deal” alludes to legislation passed during

A

The Great Depression under FDR

206
Q

What presidents passed the single largest bill for climate-related issues?

A

Joe Biden

207
Q

What bill provides approximately $370 billion in funding for climate-related issues?

A

Inflation Reduction Act

208
Q

A key challenge with carbon sequestration is

A

a lack of storage locations

209
Q

Climate focused geoengineers use cloud-like materials to

A

reflect solar radiation

210
Q

In 2022, which two of the following renewable energy sources together produced about 12% of the world’s electricity?

A

wind and solar power

211
Q

Improvements to which of the following technologies is closest to transforming human usage of fossil fuels?
a. geothermal systems
b. electric batteries
c. hydrogen fuel cells
d. nuclear reactors
e. biofuels

A

nuclear reactors

212
Q

What is the MOST common argument from climate skeptics?

A

Climate solutions are worse than climate problems.

213
Q

Which of the following actions is NOT a geoengineering proposal to counteract climate change?
a. ocean microbubbles
b. soil augmentation
c. afforestation
d. ocean fertilization
e. atmospheric aerosols

A

soil augmentation

214
Q

What term refers to charcoal from burnt crops used to absorb carbon dioxide?

A

biochar

215
Q

What chemical have geoengineers proposed adding to low clouds?

A

sodium chloride or sea salt
Why? to increase their reflectivity and reduce solar radiation on the Earth’s surface

216
Q

What is NOT something a climate activist would do?
a. discuss the moral significance of the climate crisis
b. emphasize the need to treat humans respectfully and with dignity
c. criticize those doing nothing about the climate crisis
d. consider the effects of the climate crisis on humanity and nature
e. lead riots to promote the cause of climate justice

A

lead riots to promote the cause of climate justice

217
Q

A climate activist is MOST likely to be described as

A

enthusiastic

218
Q

Which of the following questions is a climate activist LEAST likely to ask?
a. How can we advocate for justice throughout the world?
b. Who is most harmed by climate change?
c. How can we solve the climate crisis?
d. What caused previous global climate changes?
e. How can we convince people to act on climate change?

A

What caused previous global climate changes?

219
Q

Which statement would a climate activist MOST likely support?
a. Not all methods to slow climate change are just.
b. It is not important to rally people for the cause of achieving climate justice.
c. The climate crisis has caused minimal disruption in society.
d. People should only be concerned with stopping climate change.
e. The climate crisis equally affects all demographics.

A

Not all methods to slow climate change are just.

220
Q

Carbon capture infrastructure is meant to

A

lower greenhouse gas concentrations

221
Q

What are goals of climate activists?

A

encourage action, convince doubters, promote justice, and limit damage

222
Q

Climate activists oppose building carbon capture infrastructure in Louisiana because it may cause

A

water pollution

223
Q

Which of the following words BEST describes a climate justice advocate?
a. hopeful
b. caring
c. outspoken
d. critical
e. cynical

A

hopeful

224
Q

Who argues for linking climate justice with the historical causes of global wealth and power disparities?

A

Olúfẹmi O. Táíwò

225
Q

What term describes extracting resources and producing clean energy in less developed countries for the benefit of wealthier ones?

A

climate colonialism

226
Q

Why is it important for wealthy nations to understand that their power comes from natural resources around the world?

A

They will be more willing to provide financial support to less developed nations vulnerable to climate change.

227
Q

What United States presidential administration created the Justice40 Initiative?

A

Biden Administration

228
Q

For what purpose is the money from the Justice40 Initiative used?

A

improving underserved communities

229
Q

What group of people does the work of climate activist Katherine Hayhoe target?

A

Evangelical Christians

230
Q

How have many successful climate activist movements gained recognition?

A

by spurring cooperation between people

231
Q

Which Native American tribe protested to halt construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline?

A

Standing Rock Sioux in North Dakota

232
Q

The Dakota Access Pipeline was PRIMARILY built to transport

A

oil

233
Q

In which North Dakotan county did the Backwater Bridge clash over the Dakota Access Pipeline take place?

A

Morton County

234
Q

What dangers did the completion of the Dakota Access pipeline pose?

A

damage to indigenous religious sites
increased emissions of greenhouse gases
disruption of local ecosystems
contamination of local drinking water

235
Q

What ethical question did the Dakota pipeline protest raise?

A

Who should determine what humanity is allowed to do to the Earth?

236
Q

Law enforcement argued that climate protests in the Dakota pipeline case unlawfully blocked

A

public roadways

237
Q

What president ordered the construction on the Dakota Access Pipeline to continue?

A

Donald Trump

238
Q

What climate activist was a leader in the movement of the Sawré Muybu Indigenous Territory?

A

Alessandra Korap Munduruku

239
Q

With what company did the Sawré Muybu territory’s indigenous groups dispute?

A

Anglo American

240
Q

Deforestation of Brazilian rainforests took place under the presidency of

A

Jair Bolsonaro

241
Q

Who founded the Fridays for Future climate movement?

A

Greta Thunberg

242
Q

How did members of the Fridays for Future movement PRIMARILY protest governmental climate inaction?

A

skipping school

243
Q

What irony of climate inaction did Greta Thunberg emphasize?

A

Children are willing to act on climate while adults are not.

244
Q

What climate activist connected the equalization of climate justice to the teachings of Jesus Christ?

A

Luisa Neubauer

245
Q

What is the nationality of Vanessa Nakate?

A

Ugandan

246
Q

How have corrupt industries MOST greatly hindered the environmental movement?

A

oil industry has funded misinformation to prevent government officials and the public from understanding the nature of the climate crisis.

247
Q

In recent years, many industrialists have worked on developing new ways to

A

minimize greenhouse gas emissions and their impact on the environment.

248
Q

How much time has passed since the Last Glacial Maximum?

A

20,000 years

249
Q

The Early Harappan phase began CLOSEST to the

A

development of writing in Egypt

250
Q

Which of the following powers had the SHORTEST rule?
a. the Chavín Civilization
b. the Akkadian Empire
c. the Olmec Civilization
d. the Shang Dynasty
e. the Zhou Dynasty

A

the Akkadian Empire

251
Q

What severe climate event MOST likely occurred in Eurasia 4,250 years ago?

A

drought

252
Q

The Late Holocene was also called the

A

Meghalayan Age

253
Q

Which year do many historians label as the “worst year to be alive”?

A

536 CE

254
Q

How long did the Wolf solar minimum last?

A

70 years

255
Q

What invention did scientists create in 1714?

A

mercury thermometer

256
Q

The Great Acceleration started in the same year as the

A

establishment of the World

257
Q

What environmental science text did Rachel Carson publish in 1962?

A

Silent Spring

258
Q

Which initiative preceded the World Climate Programme?
a. the Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases
b. the Global Atmospheric Research Program
c. the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
d. the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
e. the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

A

the Global Atmospheric Research Program

259
Q

Where did the United Nations hold the Conference on Environment and Development in 1992?

A

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

260
Q

Which of the following events happened LAST?
a. The United States withdrew from the Paris Agreement.
b. The United States passed the Byrd-Hagel resolution.
c. The Fridays for Future movement began.
d. The United Nations held the Climate Change Conference.
e. The Dakota Access Pipeline sparked protests.

A

The United States withdrew from the Paris Agreement.

261
Q

Why did Michael McCormick label 536 CE as the “worst year to be alive”?

A

Volcanic eruptions caused abnormally cold temperatures.

262
Q

Most of the early societies in the Andes Mountains were

A

agrarian

263
Q

How did Bert Bolin MOST significantly contribute to discussions on climate change?

A

leading scientific communities who studied the climate

264
Q

What term describes the act of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

A

carbon sequestration

265
Q

Who coined the term “Anthropocene”?

A

Paul J. Crutzen and Eugene F. Stoermer

266
Q

Volcanic activity, solar variations, and greenhouse gasses are all examples of

A

forcings

267
Q

What recent activist inspired the Fridays for Future movement?

A

Greta Thunberg

268
Q

How does the history of climate and society differ from other climate studies?

A

It focuses on the relationship between climate and humanity

269
Q

What condition BEST describes the climate during an interglacial?

A

warmer temperatures

270
Q

What previous foundation later inspired the Kyoto Protocol?

A

the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

271
Q

Where did the idea of the “mandate of heaven” originate?

A

China

272
Q

What event marked the beginning of the middle ages?

A

the collapse of the Roman Empire

273
Q

How has Alessandra Korap Munduruku fought for the environment?

A

by protecting the Brazilian rainforest from destruction

AcaDec 2024_25 Climate (24 decks)

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