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AcaDec 2024_25 Climate > Science Section 2 > Flashcards

Science Section 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is population and community ecology?

A

how populations grow, disperse, and interact with other populations

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2
Q

What is evolution and biodiversity?

A

genetic variation resulting in environmentally adaptive traits

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3
Q

What are ecosystems?

A

the integration of living/non-living components in a system

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4
Q

What are global climate and biomes?

A

variation in global patterns creating geographic regions distinguished by different dominant forms

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5
Q

What are global energy and matter cycles?

A

global biogeochemical cycles

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6
Q

Who put the pieces together about the concept of evolution through natural selection and made theory?

A

Charles Darwin

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7
Q

What ship was Charles Darwin on at the age of 22

A

The HMS Beagle.

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8
Q

What was Charles Darwin’s position on the HMS Beagle?

A

The ship’s naturalist.

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9
Q

What will individuals of a given species express?

A

A range of phenotypes.

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10
Q

When does gene flow occur?

A

When individuals from one population migrate to another population.

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11
Q

What does the ability of a species to adapt to environmental changes?

A

How much, and how fast, that change occurs.

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12
Q

What is a random change in genotypes among small populations of a species, is known to be an important mechanism in evolution called?

A

Genetic Drift.

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13
Q

True or False. A generic drift is a nonadaptive process.

A

True

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14
Q

True or False. Male cheetahs have 70 percent abnormal sperm cells.

A

True

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15
Q

What does the generic drift called bottleneck effect do to population size and genetic diversity?

A

It severely reduces it.

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16
Q

When was the theory of Charles Darwin published?

A

1859

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17
Q

What was Charles Darwin’s theory called?

A

“The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”

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18
Q

True or False. It is certain that natural populations have the same reduced fitness.

A

False

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19
Q

What is an example of how different alleles produce individuals with different levels of fitness?

A

The allele for sickle-cell disease.

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19
Q

What does the allele for sickle-cell disease do?

A

It reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood and results in many severe mental and physical impairments and usually death, mostly among people of African descent.

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20
Q

Most populations of a species seem to be relatively isolated from what?

A

Isolated from each other and need to adapt to their environment with the genetic variation they possess.

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21
Q

How long does evolution take?

A

A significant change in a species genotype, such as an adaptation to a completely different food source, can take thousands of years.

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22
Q

What three factors are important influences on the pace of evolution by natural selection?

A

Rate of environmental change, genetic variation, and how much adaptive traits are able to spread.

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23
Q

How long ago was the creation of humans?

A

1.8 million years ago

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24
Q

How long ago was Earth created?

A

4.5 billion years ago

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25
Q

T/F Rapid environmental change forces populations to evolve quickly to adapt to the new environment or die out.

A

True

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26
Q

If one doesn’t migrate from a horrible environment what can occur?

A

death

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27
Q

Where does the ginko tree exist?

A

China and the U.S.

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28
Q

Which tree is an ornamental tree in many parts of the U.S?

A

The ginkgo tree

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29
Q

How old is the ginko biloba leaf fossil from the McAbee fossil beds, British Columbia, Canada?

A

Around 60 million years old

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30
Q

What normally causes extinction

A

Not being able to adapt to environment

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31
Q

What was the first thing we evolved from?

A

prokaryotes

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32
Q

where do we learn about evolution the most?

A

fossils

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33
Q

Do we know the exact amount of species in the world?

A

No

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34
Q

True or false: organisms decompose rapidly

A

True

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35
Q

what are the hard elements that sometimes preserve?

A

Bone, shells, teeth

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36
Q

How can softer elements of an organism survive?

A

By being buried by sediment

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37
Q

True or false: older fossils are found in the deeper levels of earth.

A

True

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37
Q

What is a geological time scale?

A

It divides time into various intervals

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38
Q

How long has bacteria been in the fossil record?

A

3.5 billion years ago

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39
Q

How long have multicellular and shelled organisms been in the record?

A

540 million years ago

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40
Q

When was the greatest mass extinction?

A

The end of the Paleozoic era

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41
Q

What are Serbian traps?

A

Volcanic eruptions

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42
Q

What percent of marine species went extinct?

A

90-95%

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43
Q

What was the K-T boundary?

A

mass extinction 65 million years ago in the cretecious and tertiary periods

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44
Q

What type of species is know for being extinct in the K-T boundary?

A

dinosaurs

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45
Q

What mammal survived and was the rise of the human species

A

rodents

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46
Q

how long ago was the Triassic- Jurassic mas extinction?

A

201.3 MA

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47
Q

When was the late Donovan extinction?

A

265 MA

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48
Q

how many mass extinctions have occurred so far

A

5

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49
Q

How do scientist know how many species we’re losing each year

A

special-area relationships

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50
Q

What was the first mass extinction?

A

The first mass extinction was the Ordovician-Silurian Extinction (440 Million Years Ago)

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51
Q

What was the second mass extinction?

A

The second mass extinction was the Late Devonian Extinction.

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52
Q

What was the third mass extinction?

A

The third mass extinction was the Permian-Triassic Extinction.

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53
Q

How many phases and which phases were involved in the Ordovician-Silurian Extinction?

A

Scientists theorize that there was two phases; a glaciation event and a heating event.

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54
Q

What would happen if abundant plant life removed CO2 from the air?

A

There would be global cooling and glacier formation, which would result in a drop in sea levels and reduced habitat.

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55
Q

In the Late Devonian Extinction, which percentage of life died?

A

75% of all life died during this extinction.

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56
Q

Where did the asteroid that landed during the Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction land?

A

It is theorized that the meteor landed in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico.

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57
Q

What is the species-area relationship?

A

The basic concept is that in general, less habitat will support fewer species than more habitat.

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58
Q

Which mathematical formula is used to find the effect of deforestation on species loss?

A

S1/S0 = (A1/A0)z

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59
Q

What is a keystone species

A

A species that is a valued part of the ecosystem

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60
Q

What is a tertiary consumer

A

A species that eats the secondary consumer

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61
Q

What is a secondary consumer

A

A species that eats the primary consumer

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62
Q

What is a primary consumer

A

A species that eats the produces (AKA herbivore)

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63
Q

What is a Producer in an ecosystem

A

A usually plant species that produces energy from other than eating

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64
Q

What is a decomposer in a ecosystem

A

Something that decomposes live stuff

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65
Q

Why is it when two species that survive individually are put in the same environment only one survives?

A

They are competing for limited resources

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66
Q

True or false. Two species can coexist even if they compete

A

True

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67
Q

True or false. Only animals compete for resources

A

False

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68
Q

What is the general rule for more deviation in the logistic model for populations

A

More factors on the population (like competition makes more deviations)

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69
Q

What dose MSV stand for

A

Maximum sustainable yield. The max amount of individuals you can remove while keeping the species not extinct

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70
Q

Why is the MSV important

A

Its important to tell people how much they can harvest without risking the species population

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71
Q

What did Biologist. M Graham do

A

She set limits on the amount people could fish in fishery’s to fit the MSV model, and get the most fish growing at once

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72
Q

True or false. Populations grow the most when most dense

A

False

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73
Q

What does MSY stand for

A

Annual maximum sustainable yield. or the MSV for the whole year

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74
Q

True or false. When they set limits on how many anchovies could be caught the MSY went down

A

False

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75
Q

True or false Populations of one species never effects other species

A

False

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76
Q

True or false. Animal population can be changed due to climate factors

A

True

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77
Q

True or false. Population density can change between near by areas depending on the terrain

A

True

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78
Q

What is a metapopluation

A

A population divided by the environment that stays genetically and ecologically connected

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79
Q

What does deterministic and stochastic mean

A

Predictable and Not Predictable

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80
Q

What three ways do species interact

A

interspecific competition, predation, and mutualism.

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81
Q

What is a niche.

A

A important role that a species plays in a community

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82
Q

True or false. herbivores don’t have any prey

A

False (plants are their prey)

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83
Q

what does Parasitism mean

A

When a species feeds or uses its prey but usually doesn’t kill it.

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84
Q

True or False. Each species can only have one predator and one Prey

A

False

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85
Q

Three types of species are ‘keystone species’, what are they?

A

Irreplaceable pollinators, habitat modifiers, & “species who play an important community function.”

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86
Q

The North American Beaver is an example of what type of Keystone species?

A

Habitat Modifiers

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87
Q

What organisms are most commonly a primary succession species

A

Lichen, Moss, & Similarly small plants.

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88
Q

There are 2 types of pollinators. which ones are NOT a keystone species?

A

Replaceable Pollinators, pollinators that can be replaces if they go extinct

89
Q

On Many South pacific Islands, ______ are the only pollinator for hundreds of tropical plant species.

A

Old World Fruit Bats, or, Flying Foxes

90
Q

What is example of a keystone species that based on interactions with other species

A

Mycorrizal fungi.

91
Q

How do fungi Help trees grow taller?

A

They grow on, or in, tree roots. helping extract nutrients in the soil.

92
Q

What is the difference between primary & secondary succession?

A

Primary succession is the first life to grow into a new area. Secondary succession are the species that follows after life has already been introduced.

93
Q

What term used to describe the final stage of a forests ecosystem is no longer used?

A

Climax Forrest

94
Q

What are a few examples of major geological change that can allow for primary succession.

A

Fire, Hurricanes, human land clearing, volcanic eruption

95
Q

Where is Orgon Cave Located?

A

West Virginia

96
Q

Organ Cave is the 3rd largest cave In the state

A

False, it is THE largest

97
Q

What are the 3 species listed to love in Organ Cave

A

bats, shrimp, & crayfish.

98
Q

What part of the Ecosystem brings in, & takes out energy in the Organ Cave?

A

Water

99
Q

Why is there a significantly less amount of Carnivores than Herbivores in Sub-Saharan Africa?

A

Carnivores eat herbivores to get energy. because of “The Laws of Thermodynamics” Carnivores cant get more energy than the energy within herbivores themselves.

100
Q

What Is the primary source of energy on the Earth?

A

The Sun

101
Q

What is the Chemical Formula for Photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O + Energy from the Sun === CH2O + O2

102
Q

What is the “Biomass”

A

The total weight of all organisms in a given area

103
Q

What is the scientific name for CH2O?

A

Formaldehyde

104
Q

The “reverse” of photosynthesis is called what?

A

respiration

105
Q

The amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy by photosynthesis is called what?

A

Gross Primary Productivity

106
Q

What is the most common term used to describe the productivity of a biological system

A

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

107
Q

Primary producers typically have an energy efficiency of ___%

A

One (1) %

108
Q

What is the wettest and warmest biome?

A

the tropical rainforest (evergreen)

109
Q

True or False? Regarding the key elements of the tropical rain forest, where is most of the ecosystem’s energy stored if the soils are often extremely poor in mineral nutrients?

A

in the vegetation; there is high animal and plant diversity

110
Q

Name of the biome (forest) that experiences a pronounced dry season in the tropics

A

Tropical dry (seasonal) forest

111
Q

True or False? In a tropical dry (seasonal) forest, there is more productivity and diversity of both plant and animal species per meter than in the tropical rainforest,

A

False

112
Q

What is the dominant form of trees found in a temperate rainforest?

A

tall coniferous trees (such as those found in the U.S. Pacific Northwest)

113
Q

What are the main factors in a temperate rainforest that create the conditions suitable for tall (about 60-70 meters) coniferous trees? (Hint: 3 factors)

A

mild winters, heavy rain, and fog

114
Q

In a temperate rain forest, the soils tend to be rich of what?

A

organic matter

115
Q

Compared to the productivity of tropical rainforest, describe the productivity of temperate rain forest

A

it is roughly half that found in tropical rain forests

116
Q

In what regions do temperate broadleaf forests occur?

A

where there is moderate rainfall and high seasonal temperature variation

117
Q

What property of temperate broadleaf forests make the soil rich?

A

their deciduous property; most plants shed their leaves and this leaf litter decomposes into a rich soil

118
Q

The productivity of temperate broadleaf forests is most similar to what other biome/forest?

A

temperate rainforest

119
Q

Where do temperate broadleaf forests occur (the places DemiDec listed)?

A

eastern U.S., southern Canada, Europe, and Eastern Asia

120
Q

What is the dominant deciduous vegetation in rainforests with moderate to high rainfall as the temperature decreases?

A

conifer, particularly spruces and firs that are 10-20 meters high (hence the name Boreal coniferous forest)

121
Q

What are some large animal species that are found in the Boreal coniferous forest?

A

moose, wolf, bear, Siberian tiger

122
Q

True or False? There is little to no fluctuation in bird or other animal populations in the Boreal coniferous forest?

A

False, the yearly weather variations results in dramatic yearly variation in seed production which dramatically causes fluctuations in their populations

123
Q

Describe the soil of the Boreal coniferous forest

A

relatively poor because there is less leaf litter decomposition as a result of chemicals in the foliage and lower temperatures

124
Q

When does vegetation shift to grasslands?

A

when there is not enough water to support dense forests due to decreased precipitation

125
Q

What is the other name for grasslands (one in the U.S. and another one in Asia)?

A

in the U.S. they are also known as prairies and in central Asia they are called steppes

126
Q

Similar to what forest biome, the productivity in grasslands is about 1/3 that of tropical rainforests?

A

Boreal coniferous forests

127
Q

Why are grasslands agriculturally rich?

A

because organic matter accumulates as decomposition of dead vegetation is limited by low precipitation rates

128
Q

Where is the biome savanna most common?

A

dry tropical regions in Africa where rainfall ranges from 10-15 cm/yr and is seasonal

128
Q

What is scrub vegetation?

A

small and stunted due to limited resources and a short growing period; found in a tropical scrub forest or savanna

129
Q

What factors are responsible for maintaining the savanna biome?

A

fire and grazing

130
Q

Do all animals in the savanna biome stay in one region?

A

No, migrating herd of herbivores (such as wild beasts) follow the rain and move across the biome

131
Q

True or False: Elements continually cycle within the Biosphere

A

TRUE, it goes between Biosphere, Soils, and Water as plants and animals grow, die, and decompose.

132
Q

What altered the Biogeochemical cycles?

A

Human Activities

133
Q

Overfertilization can be caused from what agricultural elements?

A

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

134
Q

True or False: Carbon and Nitrogen are NOT the most important elements to soil fertility and plant productivity

A

False

135
Q

What are other nutrients cycles that are important in agricultural?

A

phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sulfur

136
Q

What is the main reason for dissolving and transporting necessary elements for living organisms?

A

Water

137
Q

What does the following describe: The driver of biogeochemical cycling

A

Hydrologic Cycle

138
Q

When coming in contact with Vegetation or Soil, what can happen to water?

A

Evaporation, Transpiration, infiltrate the soil to enter groundwater system, and/or runoff across land surface and rivers

139
Q

What is the main energy source for the hydrologic cycle?

A

Solar Energy, because it drives evaporation

140
Q

What Equation can be used to represent the Hydrologic Cycle?

A

PRECIP = ET + I + RO (Precipitation = Evapotranspiration + Infiltration + runoff

141
Q

What are the Four Processes that run the Carbon Cycle?

A

Photosynthesis, Respiration, Decomposition, and Combustion

142
Q

Green Plants and Phytoplankton convert Solar Energy into Chemical Energy. What is this process Called?

A

Carbon Fixation

143
Q

Where is most of Earth’s carbon?

A

Carbonate Rock, Organic Matter in Sedimentary Rocks, and Oceans

144
Q

Why are Fossil Fuels called Fossil Fuels?

A

When Organisms die they release carbon that decomposes. A fraction of that gets burned into coal, oil, and natural gas.

145
Q

What is the most important part of the Carbon System and Why?

A

When the Carbon Moves to the Atmospheric and Biospheric Pools, because it rapidly cycles.

146
Q

True or False: Fossil Carbon is apart of the Contemporary Carbon Biogeochemical cycle

A

False

147
Q

True or False: Nitrogen is not a limiting element for plants

A

False

148
Q

Fill in the Blank: Only Organisms capable of ____ ______ can make direct use of atmospheric nitrogen.

A

Nitrogen Fixation

149
Q

Most Plants that use Nitrogen use it in what form?

A

Mineral Form

150
Q

What is the conversion of Organic Matter to Ammonium called?

A

Ammonification

151
Q

What is Nitrification?

A

When the Ammonium from Ammonifcation is converted to Nitrite (NO2-) and then in a two-step process Nitrate

152
Q

True or False: Nitrate is susceptible to leaching

A

True

153
Q

Fill in the blank: High accumulation of nitrate in wet soils can lead to ______.

A

denitrification

154
Q

What is Denitrification?

A

The Natural Conversion of Nitrate to the gas Nitrous oxide (N2O)

155
Q

What does the Complex Nitrogen Cycle have significant effects on?

A

pollution and productivity

156
Q

Where is the Mediterranean biome found?

A

in countries that border the Mediterranean Sea and California (where it is known as chaparral)

157
Q

What areas does the Mediterranean biome compromise?

A

dry areas that receive most of their rain in the winter before the temperature rises enough to permit plant growth

158
Q

Describe the vegetation found in the Mediterranean biome

A

mainly made up of dense, woody shrubs, and small trees with leathery and/or waxy small leaves to help retain water. As an adaptation to the frequent fires, some have developed fire resistant bark

159
Q

How is a desert defined?

A

areas receiving less than 25 cm of precipitation per year

160
Q

What is the percent range of productivity in the desert compared to tropical rainforest?

A

0 to 5 percent

161
Q

Where does tundra occur?

A

in the artic region beyond the tree line (the upper limit of tree growth at a high latitude or elevation

162
Q

What type of “soil” is found in the tundra?

A

permafrost

163
Q

The mean (average) productivity in tundra regions is low, but between what percentages of what is found in tropical rainforests?

A

five to ten percent

164
Q

What percentage of the Earth does the ocean cover?

A

71%

165
Q

Plants and animals that live on or near the bottom of rivers or streams are known as?

A

the bethnic community

166
Q

What primary consumer feeds on phytoplankton?

A

zoo plankton (crustaceans)

167
Q

What is the major energy producer in lakes and ponds?

A

phytoplankton

168
Q

Lake and pond ecosystems are influenced by thermociles which are what?

A

abrupt changes in the temperature of water with depth that prevents the mixing of the layers of water

169
Q

At what depth, in general, is peak species diversity?

A

2,000 to 3,000 meters

170
Q

What are wetlands?

A

transitional areas between strictly terrestrial and aquatic (includes salt marshes, bogs, and swamps)

171
Q

What are the three broad types of wetlands?

A

marine wetland (the intertidal region), an estuarine wetland (which is where salt and freshwater mix at the mouths of rivers), and freshwater wetlands

172
Q

What percentage of wetlands in the continental U.S. do freshwater wetlands make up?

A

91%

173
Q

Examples of freshwater wetlands

A

bogs, marshes, swamps, and peatlands

174
Q

How do freshwater wetlands differ from open waters (like lakes, ponds, and rivers)?

A

by having water near or at the surface for most of the year; rarely more than 2 meters deep

175
Q

What is biological diversity?

A

the diversity of all genes, species, and habitats on Earth

176
Q

What is the result of genetic diversity?

A

the great amount of species on Earth

177
Q

What are genes?

A

the chemical building blocks that give individual organisms the ability to develop

178
Q

How many different genes are humans approximated to have?

A

30,000

179
Q

True or False: With as many genes as we have, it’s possible to have a virtually infinite amount of unique individuals

A

True

180
Q

True or False: Nobody has individual genetics

A

False

181
Q

When did plants appear on the planet?

A

600 million years ago

182
Q

When did reptiles appear on the planet?

A

300 million years ago

183
Q

When did fish appear on the planet?

A

420 million years ago

184
Q

When did birds appear on the planet?

A

65 million years ago

185
Q

When did mammals appear on the planet?

A

178 million years ago

186
Q

When did primates appear on the planet?

A

55 million years ago

187
Q

When did amphibians appear on the planet?

A

400 million years ago

188
Q

When did prokaryotes appear on the planet?

A

3.8 billion years ago

189
Q

When did eukaryotes appear on the planet?

A

2 billion years ago

190
Q

What does biodiversity also include?

A

the different ways that groups of species are organized together on the planet and different combinations of living and nonliving components in varied environmental systems of inputs, outputs, and feedbacks

191
Q

True or False: Modern people actually eat very few species

A

True

192
Q

What are the few plant species that humans consume?

A

corn, wheat and rice

193
Q

What are the two ways value is characterized?

A

Instrumental value and intrinsic value

194
Q

What is instrumental value?

A

goods, services, or information that provides benefits to people

195
Q

What is intrinsic value?

A

objects, living or nonliving, that have worth in and of themselves, independent of any benefit they provide to humans

196
Q

Instrumental value provides benefits to human society, what does intrinsic value do?

A

intrinsic value should be the drive for its protection

197
Q

The growth curve of endangered whooping crane species can be define as…

A

Non logistic

198
Q

What does MSY stand for?

A

maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

199
Q

What is MSY?

A

The maximum harvest of individuals that will allow the population to not go extinct—and still produce the maximum amount of economic profit from year to year.

200
Q

What does a sustainable harvest during a fishing season consists of?

A

Biomass of new adults + biomass of adults remaining alive = loss of biomass from natural mortality + loss of biomass from previous harvest

201
Q

What did M. Graham developed?

A

In 1935 the fishery biologist M. Graham used data from the catch of fish by trawlers in the North Atlantic fishery to develop a logistic growth model for setting fishing limits.

202
Q

At what fraction should the fishing quota be set to maintain the maximum yield?

A

To maintain the maximum yield, the fishing quota should be set at half of the population’s carrying capacity.

203
Q

What system came to disrupt the Peruvian coast in 1972?

A

El Niño system

204
Q

What was the effect of El Niño system on the Peruvian water?

A

It moved warm tropical waters into the Peruvian coast, which provided the ideal conditions (cool and nutrient-rich water) for the anchovies.

205
Q

How did the fishery proceed after El Nino system in 1972 and what where the consequences of this?

A

Despite these environmental changes, the fishery continued to harvest anchovies at the MSY even though that level did not account for the unexpected changes. Because of this change in environmental conditions, the number of young anchovies aging into the fishery fell drastically, resulting in the sudden ecological and economic collapse of the fishery.

206
Q

What type of crop if the Thripis imaginis a major pest for?

A

Thrips imaginis is a major pest of the apple crop.

207
Q

What factor of the Thripis’ population did James Davidson and Herbert Andrewartha examined during the 1930s and 1940s?

A

During the 1930s and 1940s, James Davidson and Herbert Andrewartha studied the factors that regulated Thrips’ population size.

208
Q

What did James Davidson and Herbert Andrewartha concluded after they’re research?

A

They found that the most important factor was the decline in the apple crop populations that served as the insect’s food source during dry periods of the summer (which is density-independent). The decline in food sources was due to climatic factors—the heat and lack of rain during the summer.

209
Q

Why do cougars are now primary found in remote mountain ranges of the Southwest and California?

A

Cougars once lived throughout North America, but because of habitat destruction and fragmentation and overhunting, these large cats are now found primarily in remote mountain ranges of the Southwest and California.

210
Q

Why do groups of cougars that live in separate mountains no longer considered a separate population?

A

In the past, each group of cougars living in a separate mountain range would have been considered a separate population. However, recent research shows that individuals travel from one mountain range to another to such an extent that there is no evidence of the genetic variation that normally distinguishes different populations within a species.

211
Q

Define metapopulation.

A

A population subdivided into several geographic groups that remain
genetically and ecologically connected through the dispersal of individuals among groups.

212
Q

What are the factors that can cause extinction?

A

The factors that can cause extinctions are both deterministic (predictable) and stochastic (random and unpredictable).

213
Q

What are deterministic factors?

A

Most of the density-dependent factors are deterministic. If food, for example, is limited by a known amount, the carrying capacity will change by a knowable degree.

214
Q

What are stochastic factors?

A

Density-independent factors are stochastic. We cannot predict forest fires or storms, and we certainly cannot predict what their effect on populations will be.

215
Q

What are the three ways species interact with each other?

A

Species interact with each other in three general ways: interspecific competition, predation, and mutualism.

216
Q

What two species did Georgy Gause studied in 1934?

A

P. caudatum and P. aurelia

217
Q

What was Georgy Gause conlusion on his 1934 study of P. caudatum and P. aurelia?

A

Gause’s observations led to the conclusion that two species cannot coexist on the same limiting resource, whether it is food, oxygen, space, or any other parameter.

218
Q

Define the principle “competitive exclusion.”

A

When the food source, or any other resource, limits the growth and reproduction of the species, it cannot be shared: one species will succeed, and the other will go extinct.

219
Q

What is the effect of genetic variation loss?

A

Over the long term, the loss of genetic variation may prevent adaptations to changing conditions from arising within the population.

220
Q

True or false/ Small populations are more likely to go extinct.

A

True

221
Q

True or False. Populations in nature are 100 percent accurate with the logistics model.

A

Many populations in nature violate one or all assumptions the logistic model follows to be accurate, so the logistic model, at best, only approximates their present and future growth.

AcaDec 2024_25 Climate (16 decks)

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