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AcaDec 2024_25 Climate > Social Science Section 1 > Flashcards

Social Science Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How are volcanos forcings?

A

The eruption of volcanos emits a layer of dust particles that shade vast region and cool these areas.

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2
Q

What is the process that describes the change in the natural world?

A

climate change

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3
Q

What does ESS stand for?

A

Earth System Science

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4
Q

How do greenhouses work?

A

The closed area allows for sun rays to enter the greenhouse but acts as a barriers for preventing heat from getting out. These places create great conditions for agriculture.

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5
Q

what are the four main subsystems of the ESS?

A

Geosphere , Hydrosphere , Biosphere , Atmosphere

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6
Q

What are some examples of greenhouse gases?

A

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane.

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7
Q

What is Anthropocence?

A

The idea that current climate conditions have been heavily influenced by human actions

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8
Q

What are the external forces that Impact the stability of the climate, and subsystems called?

A

Forcings

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9
Q

What are the reactions to climate change caused by forcings called?

A

Feedbacks

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10
Q

What are the two ways scientists classify feedbacks?

A

As positive and negative

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11
Q

What is the climate?

A

The weather over a long period of time

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12
Q

What are positive feedbacks?

A

A forcing that pushes the climate in the same direction (warm forcing results in warm feedback)

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13
Q

What is Earth System Science?

A

The scientific approach of studying the natural world that looks at the interactions between the air, water, land, and living organisms.

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14
Q

Define tipping point.

A

When positive feedback changes the climate to a point of no return.

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15
Q

True or False. There is a lot of continuity between the past. and the present in the way Earth’s subsystems interact to create climate conditions?

A

True

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16
Q

What is the Geosphere?

A

All the land, earth, and rock that make up the planet.

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17
Q

What new field focuses on the relationship between past climate conditions, and human societies?

A

history of climate and society (HCS)

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18
Q

True or False. All the interactions of the four sub systems happen at the same geographical scale

A

False

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19
Q

True or False humans have always thought that there actions impact the climate

A

False

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20
Q

Where do the geosphere and the other subsystems interact most?

A

The Earth’s Crust

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21
Q

What is the hydrosphere?

A

All the water on the Earth, in the ground, and in the atmosphere

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22
Q

What is the atmosphere?

A

Various gases

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23
Q

What are the different layers of the atmosphere?

A

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

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24
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

All living things inside, on, or around the Earth

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25
Q

What is the greenhouse gas effect?

A

Gases from Earth’s other subsystems trap heat in the lower layers of the atmosphere

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26
Q

Provide an example of positive feedback.

A

Warmer temperatures affect the hydrosphere melting if off. As there is no ice to reflect back solar energy, the hydrosphere absorbs it warming the climate even more.

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27
Q

How can greenhouse gas molecules contribute to global warming?

A

Infrared radiation can pass through the atmosphere and be absorb by the gasses. They are then reemitted in all directions by the green house molecules which contributes to Earth’s surface warming.

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28
Q

What has accelerated the Earth’s natural carbon cycle?

A

Human use of fossil fuels

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29
Q

What is the other name for the geosphere?

A

Lithosphere

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30
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A feedback that results in the opposite outcome its forcing produces (cold forcing would produce warm feedback and vice versa)

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31
Q

True or False. There are five layers of the earth atmosphere

A

True

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32
Q

True or False. Can negative feedback push the climate to tipping point?

A

False. Only positive feedback can do this.

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33
Q

What reverses the greenhouse effect?

A

Human emission of greenhouse gases that concentrate in the atmosphere.

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34
Q

What is solar energy?

A

Energy from the Sun that heats up the Earth

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35
Q

True or False. Volcano dust can produce acid rain.

A

True

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36
Q

Positive Feedback.

A

Push Climate change to Tipping point; relations pushing in same direction

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37
Q

Tipping Point

A

the time the climate changes reaches a point of no return

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38
Q

Archive Of Nature

A

using evidence from nature (ie: Ice cores) to see what types of climate & when it took place

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39
Q

Archive of Society

A

using evidence from humanity (ie: written documents) to see what types of climate occurred & when

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40
Q

Proxy

A

Something from nature that gives indication of Past Climate Conditions

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41
Q

Precipitation

A

amount of rainfall through a specific amount of time.

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42
Q

Instrument

A

A tool used to measure data and feedback (Temperature, Precipitation, etc.) Often used to identify trends in the climate.

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43
Q

Negative feedback

A

Little to no change in climate; relations pushing and pulling against each other

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44
Q

example of Positive Feedback

A

Melting ice around the North Pole

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45
Q

example of Negative Feedback

A

Warmer conditions rase water temp of great lakes. This then leads to more water vapor & clouds in the atmosphere that cast shade, cooling back down the Earth

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46
Q

Polar Vortex

A

The Polar Vortex is a large area of low pressure & cold air surrounding the earth’s Poles.

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47
Q

T or F: Climate affects all 4 (5) subsystems

A

True

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48
Q

Sediment

A

Small pieces of rock broken apart by erosion. Tend to clump us into “Sedimentary rocks”

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49
Q

How do you find trends in the climate?

A

Reading a lot of sources & making your own opinion.

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50
Q

what is ice core sampling?

A

drilling out a large cylinder of Ice to see how much it grew during specific times

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51
Q

What are the pros that Archive of Nature provide?

A

Because of the recent invention of scientific instruments going into the archive of nature can provide us with more accurate data on recent temperature patterns

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52
Q

what is the main Con of the Archive of Society

A

It only goes back a couple hundreds to thousands years, & reliable measurements only go back ~200 years.

53
Q

T or F: The Thermometer is a relatively recent invention, being made in the 1850s during the US Civil War By Benjamin Franklyn’s son, William Franklyn

A

False

54
Q

What is the oldest instrument to be invented/When was it made?

A

The thermometer which was invented in 1700

55
Q

T or F: Dendrochronology is the study of studying fossils to tell what the climate was like when that given animal was alive

A

False

56
Q

Coral sampling

A

gathering data from the ocean’s coral

57
Q

What does the layers and Sediment/Mud provide?

A

Composition and Contents of the water (such as pollen)

58
Q

What can an old Glacier reveal?

A

What the atmospheric conditions were dating back hundreds to thousands of years

59
Q

What is an Archive?

A

a physical repository of documents (ie. archive of nature or humanity)

60
Q

what are the 3 most revealing sources of climate history in nature?

A

soil, ice, and trees

61
Q

Scientist Hypothesize about polar vortex?

A

Warmer temperatures in the ocean and atmosphere weakened the polar vortex

62
Q

Why are Trees one of the best sources from the Archive of Nature

A

Counting the rings can tell you not just how old it is, but also how wet/dry a particular season was.

63
Q

How is Positive and Negative being defined in terms of weather feedbacks?

A

The relationship between the original forcing and impact.

64
Q

What brought Phoenix, Arizona, attention on the news?

A

The record-breaking heat in summer 2023. Though records only date back to 1896.

65
Q

What is precipitation?

A

Any weather that comes falling from the sky. (Rain, snow, hail, etc)

66
Q

T or F: The Location of the recorded events do NOT affect the result.

A

False

67
Q

What is a major Con of the Archive of Humanity?

A

It only goes back a couple hundreds to thousands years, & reliable measurements only go back ~200 years.

68
Q

T or F: careful analysis is still required even after instruments

A

True

69
Q

T or F: negative Feedback loops lead to worse Climate change

A

False

70
Q

What does an ice core look like?

A

It is a very long cylinder in a long tube.

71
Q

T or F: Can a singular scholar be a member of more than one field?

A

True

72
Q

How is a new field made?

A

When a scholar finds useful information and develops effective methods for analyzing sources

73
Q

T or F: Do fields with few perspectives help find the most accurate results?

A

False

74
Q

T or F: Even with different fields it is still unlikely for us to get a reliable picture on past climate

A

False

75
Q

T or F: Historical climatology or paleoclimatology investigates past climate change from the 1800 to today

A

False

76
Q

T or F: Climatology uses the archives of nature from the investigations of the natural world

A

True

77
Q

What are some skills climate historians have to help study the climate ?

A

Ability to understand the languages, find the text, and analytical techniques

78
Q

Who was Christian Pfister?

A

A Swiss historian who led the creation of the field of climate history

79
Q

T or F: Scholars can examine human-produced records for clues about past climate conditions

A

True

80
Q

What is an example of a human-produced record

A

weather diaries, ship logbooks

81
Q

What is a piece of art that depicts weather conditions.

A

Winter Landscape with Skaters, c, 1608, Hendrick Avercamp

82
Q

Why were grain prices used as a marker for weather conditions

A

There is a correlation between certain types of weather and fruitful harvests that would cause prices to decline

83
Q

Proxy

A

a person authorized to act on behalf of another

84
Q

Why are paintings NOT a reliable source of climate history

A

The painting is not the same as a photograph, it might not be an accurate depiction of the area or time.

85
Q

T or F: Scholars do not treat the information contained in narrative records as proxies for estimating climate history.

A

False

86
Q

Weather Diary

A

record of weather experiments

87
Q

Ship logbook

A

record of important events in the management, operation, and navigation of a ship

88
Q

Why are grain prices not a reliable source of climate history

A

Other factors that are unrelated to whether also affect the prices of grain

89
Q

T or F: Scholars can devise systems for taking narrative records and comparing them with other records to gain an idea of climate trends and conditions over time.

A

True

90
Q

T or F: Narrative records are as reliable as modern instruments

A

False

91
Q

Hendrick Avercamp

A

Dutch painter in the 17th century

92
Q

What group in 2019 proposed that Anthropocene be officially recognized as a new geological time interval (epoch)?

A

Anthropocene Working Group (AWG)

93
Q

According to the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) propose the Holocene ended and Anthropocene began?

A

1950 (mid-twentieth century)

94
Q

Who rejected the proposal to officially declare the Anthropocene as a new geological epoch in March 2024?

A

The International Union of Geological Sciences, but they noted that it will continue to be used as an invaluable descriptor of human impact.

95
Q

True or False? The International Union Geological Sciences accepted the proposal to formally name the Anthropocene the new epoch.

A

False, they rejected it in March 2024

96
Q

What epoch do we still live in according to the formal geological time scale?

A

Holocene

97
Q

Do scientists, politicians, and economists still use the term Anthropocene?

A

Yes, it is commonly used to label the recent climate shifts

98
Q

Is the idea of the Anthropocene discredited due to the lack of official and specific recognition?

A

No, the lack of official recognition is simply the seriousness of scientists.

99
Q

True or False? Most modern historians did not include climate in their narratives until about the year 2000

A

True

100
Q

Who wrote about the climate in their narratives prior to 2000?

A

E. Le Roy Ladurie and Fernand Braudel

101
Q

When did the modern historical profession become formalized in Europe?

A

1800s

102
Q

What is a major challenge regarding events when combining the study of human history and climate history?

A

Causation. It is difficult to determine definitively if certain events in history had caused the next event to occur, or if it was just a coincidence and this can lead to biases

103
Q

True or False: Historians and scientists are done sorting out the combined story of climate history and human history.

A

False

104
Q

What is a way that scientists are trying to bring together the historical narrative?

A

They are placing the two histories over one another, using markings in time like political developments in order to place timelines.

105
Q

What is climate determinism?

A

a method of telling historical narratives in which climate drives social and environmental changes over time (i.e. climate possibly caused an empire to fail or influenced their rules in society)

106
Q

What is a potential weakness of combining histories?

A

It isn’t the best practice in history or science for scientists to prove their thesis without bias

107
Q

Is climate determinism widely accepted today?

A

No (just because there is correlation does not mean their is causation)

108
Q

What are causal mechanisms?

A

something that causes something else to occur. (Asks what SPECIFIC climate event was what triggered a human response)

109
Q

How far back does the typical chronological history of humans date to?

A

Around five or six thousand years ago, but scholars can use archeological evidence from as far back as 40,000 years.

110
Q

What has brought the field that studies climate change (science) and the scholarly fields that studies human history to overlap its studies?

A

Anthropocene (climate change has been influenced by human activities)

111
Q

Who wrote Silent Spring, and did she intend to write about climate?

A

Rachel Carson wasn’t writing about climate, but she brought an understanding over human potential to alter the Earth

112
Q

Who is credited with helping humans develop an awareness of how much potential we have to alter earth’s climate with her book that published in 1962?

A

Rachel Carson

113
Q

Who in particular are the leading causes of climate change?

A

Humans

114
Q

What did Rachel Carson’s book Silver Springs demonstrate? (Hint: think agriculture/crops)

A

The effect commercial pesticides have on transforming the ecosystem in only years (compared to the decades to generations it would take for this to happen naturally) and destroying living organisms

115
Q

Name a scholar who argues that humans are reshaping the Earth’s climate system in a time span exponentially shorter than what would naturally happen?

A

Dipesh Chakrabarty

116
Q

What civilizations left behind the most archeological evidence from ancient times?

A

Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China

117
Q

The Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) is a special body apart of what commission?

A

the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)

118
Q

True or False: It is hard to determine if one event caused another or if they just happened together.

A

True

119
Q

What chart does the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) to mark the Quaternary Periods? (It is the same chart that the AWG wanted the Anthropocene Epoch to be formally recognized in?

A

the International Chronostratigraphic Chart

120
Q

According to a non western calendar how many years ago did the Holocene Epoch start?

A

11,700 years ago

121
Q

What are the four stages/age of the Pleistocene Epoch?

A

From most years ago to least: Gelasian, Calabrian, Middle, Upper

122
Q

What does the concept of the Antropocene refer to?

A

The scientific divisions of geological time that correspond to climatic conditions of the Earth

123
Q

According to the International Commission on Stratigraphy, what is the name of the Eonothem/Eon?

A

Phanerozoic

124
Q

When did the Pleistocene epoch start?

A

Around 2.58 million years ago

125
Q

What does the inclusion of the prefix “anthro” strongly emphasize?

A

The fact that humans are the main contributors to the current trajectory of the climate, kind of like a positive feedback

126
Q

According to the International Commission on Stratigraphy, what is the name of of Erathem/Era and what is the name of the system/period?

A

Cenozoic and Quaternary, respectfully

127
Q

According to western calendars, when did the holocene epoch start?

A

9,700 BCE

128
Q

True or False: Humans are very aware of the changes that occur during a human’s lifetime.

A

False

AcaDec 2024_25 Climate (21 decks)

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