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AcaDec 2024_25 Climate > Social Science Section 2 > Flashcards

Social Science Section 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the IUGS?

A

International Union of Geological Science

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2
Q

What was the estimated Human Population before the Holocene?

A

Approx. 10 million

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3
Q

What geological event started the Holocene?

A

The end of the last Ice Age

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4
Q

“Technically The Holocene is a _______, a warm period between ice ages”

A

Interglacial Period

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5
Q

When did the Holocene begin?

A

About 11,700 years ago

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6
Q

T or F: The Planet Would be slowly cooling right now, even without Human Intervention

A

False

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7
Q

T or F: Humans did NOT have a much longer history before Holocene

A

False

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8
Q

T or F: The Holocene is a interglacial period

A

True

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9
Q

How many parts is the Holocene divided into?

A

3

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10
Q

What was something that contributed to the major glacial meltwater?

A

Solar Cycles for about 14,000 years

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11
Q

Which Part of The Holocene is the Warmest

A

The Early Holocene

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12
Q

At The Start of the Holocene, Humans were inhabiting how many of the 7 continents?

A

6, the one missing is Antarctica

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13
Q

When did the Last Glacial Maximum occur?

A

20,000 years ago

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14
Q

In North America, the beginning of the Holocene coincides with…

A

the Extinction of many large mammals

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15
Q

What does Interglacial period mean?

A

interval of warmer global average temperature

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16
Q

T or F: Climate change is not the same everywhere

A

True

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17
Q

During the Early Holocene humans… 1. Started settling in Cities. 2. Still maintained moving communities

A
  1. Still Maintained moving communities
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18
Q

What is a Quaternary period?

A

Geologic time that consists of the Holocene and Pleistocene

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19
Q

What time was the Mesopotamian around?

A

Around 3500 BC

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20
Q

The Middle Holocene is also called

A

Northgrippian Stage/Age

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21
Q

The Early Holocene is also called

A

Greenlandian Stage/Age

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22
Q

What is the name of the still debated Climate age that we are living in that started in the middle of the twentieth century

A

Anthropocene

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23
Q

In What year did the IUGS deny a proposal to accept the New time period?

A

2024

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24
Q

When did the late Holocene begin?

A

Around 4,250 years ago

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25
Q

The Late Holocene is also called

A

Meghalayan Stage/Age

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26
Q

What does NGRIP2 say about the onset of Holocene?

A

At a depth of 1,49.45 meters into ice

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27
Q

Where is the ice core NGRIP2

A

About 75 degree longitude greenland

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28
Q

When was the Younger Dryas period?

A

It was around 12,900-11,700 years ago

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29
Q

T or F: By the start of Holocene humans were spread all around the world

A

True

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30
Q

What does 0 represent in the Western calendar system?

A

The estimated date of the birth of Christ

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31
Q

How do scholars in the climatology field date past events?

A

According to how long ago they happened with 1950 C.E. and 2000 C.E. as the marker for the present

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32
Q

According to the Western calendar used in human history what year did the Holocene begin?

A

9,700 B.C.E.

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33
Q

Where in Egypt did the Egyptian civilization arise?

A

Nile Delta

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34
Q

Which most recent geological epochs lasted 2.6 million years?

A

The Pleistocene

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35
Q

If the late Holocene began 4,250 years ago according to climate history, that is the same time as what in human history timeline?

A

2250 B.C.E.

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36
Q

True or False? 50 years in climate history (difference between interchangeably using 1950 C.E. and 2000 C.E.) is important/a big deal

A

False; it is largely within the margin of error when it comes to estimating dates, however, in human history this is not true

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37
Q

What ancient civilization is considered the birthplace civilization and the start of human history?

A

Mesopotamia in 3500 BCE

38
Q

True or False? The start of human history that began with Mesopotamia also marks the start of climate history?

A

False, climate history goes back WAY farther than human history

39
Q

Human history from the rise of Mesopotamian civilizations in 3500 BCE to the Late Middle Ages in 1350 CE (discussed in Section II of Guide), correlates to what time period in climate history?

A

the last centuries of the Middle Holocene into the Late Holocene and just before the Little Ice age (LIA)

40
Q

What is the Little Ice Age?

A

a period from 1300 to 1850 during which Earth experienced cooler temperatures on average globally

41
Q

What rivers did the Mesopotamian water supply come from?

A

Tigris and Euphrates River

42
Q

This empire was established in 2234 BCE and collapsed in 2218 BCE? It also had ruled Mesopotamia.

A

the Akkadian Empire

43
Q

True or False? Following the notable climate in Mesopotamia in 2250 BCE, it became cooler and dryer? Why is this important?

A

True. It is important because it is commonly debated by scholars if this shift was a major factor in the decline of the Akkadian Empire which ruled Mesopotamia at the time by considering their collapse occured at roughly the same times as in Egypt/other regions. On the contrary, some argue the climate-change did not cause it because some cities in Mesopotamia were resistant and may not have even collapsed.

44
Q

What were some ruling powers in Mesopotamia?

A

Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians

45
Q

What are some features that some scholars consider to represent the dawn of human civilizations?

A

much larger communities of people than previously seen settled down for long periods of time, altered the environment for agriculture and building of great buildings, roles and classes in society developed, and developed forms of writing

46
Q

What weather event during the major climate shifts of 2250 (as discussed with Mesopotamia) is linked with the fall of the Old Kingdom in Egypt?

A

A drought

47
Q

True or False? Brief glimpse at some of the more famous early agrarian societies that arose in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and the Americas

A

True

48
Q

Where is Mesopotamia located

A

around current national boundaries of Iraq

49
Q

When did the Sumerians in Mesopotamia develop writing, priestly classes, planned cities?

A

Around 3600 and 3000 BCE

50
Q

T or F: Early Harappan phase lasted from 3200-2600 BCE. Mature Harappan phase lasted from 2600- 1900 BCE. Late Harappan phase from 1900 to 1000 BCE

A

True

51
Q

What year was a historical turning point for the Indus Civilization.

A

2250 BCE

52
Q

In Mesoamerica from when did the Olmecs rule?

A

around 1200 to 400 BCE

53
Q

Who conquered Egypt and Persian and even went to India with his army?

A

A Greek King named Alexander the Great.

54
Q

When did the Roman Empire inherit some of the region Alexander had united?

A

117 CE

55
Q

True or False: it is easy to conceptually gasp the different scales of the historical timeless for human history, and environmental?

A

False

56
Q

The Pleistocene is only lasted how many years in earth’s four billion year history?

A

2.6 million years

57
Q

True or False: Climate is suppose to change slowly

A

True

58
Q

What year did the Western Roman Empire finally collapse?

A

476 CE

59
Q

What parts of afro-Eurasia were effected by the LIA

A

All

60
Q

Was the fall of the Western Roman Empire gradual or immediate?

A

Gradual

61
Q

What did the fall of Roman represent?

A

The transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages/medieval period

62
Q

What does LIA stand for?

A

Little Ice Age

63
Q

How long did the Middle Ages last?

A

around 476 - 1450/1500

64
Q

When did the Little Ice Age take place?

A

1300-1850 CE

65
Q

Why were the indigenous people able to survive in Florida while the new people were not

A

Because they were not use to the cold harsh Temperature

66
Q

In what climatic conditions did the Europeans discovered America?

A

During the LIA

67
Q

What is the Renaissance?

A

The transition between medieval times and modern times

68
Q

Who were the European states that built empires overseas.

A

Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, British, and French.

69
Q

How long did the Renaissance last?

A

1300-1600

70
Q

Why were the Middle Ages described as a Dark Age?

A

A supposed decline in culture and technology

71
Q

What pandemic took place at the beginning of the LIA?

A

The Black Death

72
Q

What “Age” of humanity was it near the middle/end of the LIA?

A

The Medieval Age

73
Q

True or false. The LIA influenced the trajectories of overseas empires in European states as well as abroad.

A

True

74
Q

True or False: The fall of Rome is considered to have ushered in a dark era of human history

A

True

75
Q

True or false. Florida was warm and humid during the LIA

A

False

76
Q

How did the cold in the 1590s interact with the cultural and economic conditions of Spain’s residents?

A

It encouraged impoverished Spanish residents to stay in Spain and move to urban centers.

77
Q

How did the cold in the 1590s interact with the cultural and economic conditions of England’s residents?

A

English residents were incentivized to move overseas and participate in settler colonialism.

78
Q

What year was the climate anomaly that fits the “Dark Ages” theory?

A

536 CE

79
Q

True or False. during the medieval age the people knew exactly what caused the LIA

A

False

80
Q

What were the leading causes of the LIA?

A

Volcanic forcings and periods of lower solar activity identified by a lack of sunspots known as solar minima.

81
Q

What was the climate anomaly of 536 CE?

A

It was a series of volcanic eruptions that brought about several of the coldest summers in the Northern Hemisphere for the next decade and a half.

82
Q

T or F: The LIA stopped before year 1000

A

False

83
Q

When did the solar minima take place?

A

1280-1350 (Wolf minimum), 1654-1715 (Maunder minimum), and 1790-1820 (Dalton minimum)

84
Q

Who famously said that 536 was the worst year to be alive?

A

Michael McCormick

85
Q

What stop the Dutch Empire from finding a maritime route to China?

A

Seas to the north were frozen

86
Q

True or False. The LIA impacted the entire globe evenly

A

False

87
Q

Where were the effects of the LIA particularly noticeable?

A

The Northern Hemisphere

88
Q

True or False. The cooling of the LIA was consistent over the centuries it spanned.

A

False

89
Q

What did the minima roughly corresponded to?

A

The three periods of glacial advances in European Alps that took place from the late 1200s to around 1380, 1580s to around 1660, and from around 1810 to 1860

90
Q

Under what system did Christopher Columbus begin to conquer land and people?

A

Colonialism

AcaDec 2024_25 Climate (21 decks)

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