Social Divisions And The Church 1855-1894

Question 1

What did emancipation heighten for the nobility? Why?

Answer 1

Financial difficulties
Compensation paid off debt
Living same lifestyle with fall in income

Question 2

How much noble land was sold between 1861 and 1905? Where did they go? What did this lead to in some areas?

Answer 2

A third

Moved to towns and cities

Not enough nobles for local government

Question 3

What did the nobility retain

Answer 3

Social and Political dominance
Still wealthy

Question 4

How was political authority maintained for nobles

Answer 4

All of the Tsar’s ministers, advisers and army officers were from noble families

Question 5

How was the political authority of the nobles in rural areas strengthened

Answer 5

Strengthened by the introduction of Land Captains in 1889 (position given to nobility members)

Question 6

Describe the size of the middle class in 1855

Answer 6

Very small
Little power or influence

Question 7

What led to the middles class increasing in size and importance

Answer 7

Industrialisation and urbanisation

Question 8

What jobs were filled by the middle classes

Answer 8

More professional people such as managers, bankers, administrators, doctors and teachers
Also entrepreneurs building factories

Question 9

How did the Zemstva help the middle classes

Answer 9

Opportunity to play more of a role in local government

Question 10

How big was the middle class in 1897

Answer 10

500,000

Question 11

How did Russia fulfill middle class jobs

Answer 11

Foreign experts

Question 12

Was the middle class influential

Answer 12

Little impact on Russian society
No voice in central government
Almost nonexistent outside towns and cities

Question 13

Why did the working class begin to grow

Answer 13

Industrialisation

Question 14

Why could you describe the working class as being seasonal

Answer 14

People returned for harvests

Question 15

What were the populations of Moscow and St Petersburg by 1900

Answer 15

Over 1 million

Question 16

What caused the populations of St Petersburg and Moscow to rise

Answer 16

Peasants moved to the cities more permanently nearer the end of the century

Question 17

How much of the industrial workforce where women in 1885

Answer 17

20%

Question 18

How much of the industrial workforce where women in 1914

Answer 18

1/3

Question 19

What were conditions like for the urban working class? Why?

Answer 19

Awful

Housed in overcrowded barracks
Inadequate sanitation
Washed in communal bath houses

Question 20

What was private housing like for the urban working class

Answer 20

Still really bad

Question 21

What percentage of private housing lacked running water and sewers

Answer 21

40%

Question 22

What were rents like for housing in the urban areas

Answer 22

Expensive due to high demand

Question 23

Who provided housing

Answer 23

Employers

(Could get private housing)

Question 24

Workers rights legislation - what was passed in 1885

Answer 24

Night-time employment of women and children prohibited

Question 25

Workers rights legislation - what was passed in 1886

Answer 25

Workers had to be employed by contracts approved by factory boards

Question 26

Workers rights legislation - what was passed in 1885

Answer 26

Employment for children under 21 and female labour banned in mines

Question 27

Between 1886 and 1895 how many strikes were there per year

Answer 27

33 strikes per year

Question 28

What happened to the gap between rich and poor peasant as a result of emancipation

Answer 28

Widened

Question 29

Which group of peasants did well

Answer 29

Kulaks

Question 30

How did kulaks take advantage of emancipation

Answer 30

Bought more land
New methods of production
Used Peasant Land Bank
Employed poorer peasants

Question 31

How did Kulaks take advantage of poorer peasants

Answer 31

Some bought grain off poorer peasants in Autumn, then sold it back to them in spring at an inflated price (or accepting land instead)

Question 32

How were peasants burdened

Answer 32

High taxation
Redemption payments
Small plots of land

Question 33

Where did many peasants decide to go

Answer 33

Industrial towns and cities

Question 34

What were conditions like in the countryside? What government policy made this worse?

Answer 34

Awful

Forced selling of grain (led to starvation and The Great Famine)

Question 35

What was the life expectancy for the peasantry in the late 1890s

Answer 35

Below 30 (poor diets, starvation and disease)

Question 36

What were many peasants unfit for

Answer 36

Military service

Question 37

Who tried to provide healthcare and education for the peasantry

Answer 37

The Zemstva

Question 38

What region did the peasantry do badly in

Answer 38

The Russian heartland (between Moscow and St Petersburg)

Question 39

Why was The Russian heartland a poor agricultural area

Answer 39

Over population led to very small land holdings

Question 40

Which areas did agriculture do better in? Why?

Answer 40

Baltic states
Western Ukraine
Northern caucuses
Western Siberia

Overpopulation was less of an issue

Question 41

How did the church help support the Tsarist system

Answer 41

Tsar appointed by God
Accept the conditions as the will of God