Social Divisions And The Church 1855-1894 Flashcards
What did emancipation heighten for the nobility? Why?
Financial difficulties
Compensation paid off debt
Living same lifestyle with fall in income
How much noble land was sold between 1861 and 1905? Where did they go? What did this lead to in some areas?
A third
Moved to towns and cities
Not enough nobles for local government
What did the nobility retain
Social and Political dominance
Still wealthy
How was political authority maintained for nobles
All of the Tsar’s ministers, advisers and army officers were from noble families
How was the political authority of the nobles in rural areas strengthened
Strengthened by the introduction of Land Captains in 1889 (position given to nobility members)
Describe the size of the middle class in 1855
Very small
Little power or influence
What led to the middles class increasing in size and importance
Industrialisation and urbanisation
What jobs were filled by the middle classes
More professional people such as managers, bankers, administrators, doctors and teachers
Also entrepreneurs building factories
How did the Zemstva help the middle classes
Opportunity to play more of a role in local government
How big was the middle class in 1897
500,000
How did Russia fulfill middle class jobs
Foreign experts
Was the middle class influential
Little impact on Russian society
No voice in central government
Almost nonexistent outside towns and cities
Why did the working class begin to grow
Industrialisation
Why could you describe the working class as being seasonal
People returned for harvests
What were the populations of Moscow and St Petersburg by 1900
Over 1 million
What caused the populations of St Petersburg and Moscow to rise
Peasants moved to the cities more permanently nearer the end of the century
How much of the industrial workforce where women in 1885
20%
How much of the industrial workforce where women in 1914
1/3
What were conditions like for the urban working class? Why?
Awful
Housed in overcrowded barracks
Inadequate sanitation
Washed in communal bath houses
What was private housing like for the urban working class
Still really bad
What percentage of private housing lacked running water and sewers
40%
What were rents like for housing in the urban areas
Expensive due to high demand
Who provided housing
Employers
(Could get private housing)
Workers rights legislation - what was passed in 1885
Night-time employment of women and children prohibited
Workers rights legislation - what was passed in 1886
Workers had to be employed by contracts approved by factory boards
Workers rights legislation - what was passed in 1885
Employment for children under 21 and female labour banned in mines
Between 1886 and 1895 how many strikes were there per year
33 strikes per year
What happened to the gap between rich and poor peasant as a result of emancipation
Widened
Which group of peasants did well
Kulaks
How did kulaks take advantage of emancipation
Bought more land
New methods of production
Used Peasant Land Bank
Employed poorer peasants
How did Kulaks take advantage of poorer peasants
Some bought grain off poorer peasants in Autumn, then sold it back to them in spring at an inflated price (or accepting land instead)
How were peasants burdened
High taxation
Redemption payments
Small plots of land
Where did many peasants decide to go
Industrial towns and cities
What were conditions like in the countryside? What government policy made this worse?
Awful
Forced selling of grain (led to starvation and The Great Famine)
What was the life expectancy for the peasantry in the late 1890s
Below 30 (poor diets, starvation and disease)
What were many peasants unfit for
Military service
Who tried to provide healthcare and education for the peasantry
The Zemstva
What region did the peasantry do badly in
The Russian heartland (between Moscow and St Petersburg)
Why was The Russian heartland a poor agricultural area
Over population led to very small land holdings
Which areas did agriculture do better in? Why?
Baltic states
Western Ukraine
Northern caucuses
Western Siberia
Overpopulation was less of an issue
How did the church help support the Tsarist system
Tsar appointed by God
Accept the conditions as the will of God
