Domestic And Military Reform Flashcards
What happened with conscription
Universal military service for all males aged 20
Reduced the period and of service from 25 to 6 years (9 years in the reserves)
How was solider welfare improved
Abolished brutal punishment
Improved basic conditions
How were military officers improved
Military colleges - better training and literacy improved
How was technology and transport improved
Modern weapons and battleships
Development of the railway network
Who still made up the majority of the army
Peasants
Who still made up the majority of the officers
Nobility members
What war did the Russian army win
The war against the Ottoman Empire
1877-78
What did local government reform set up
Local government assemblies (Zemstva) at local and provincial levels
What was the problem with the Zemstva electoral system
Gave more weight to nobility votes
What powers did the Zemstva have
Education
Health
Transport
Poor relief
Where did the chairmen of a Zemstva have to come from
A noble family
What did the Zemstva have no control over
State or local taxation
What year was local government reform
1864
Who were happy with Zemstvas
Liberals
When were judicial reforms
1864
What measures were to reform the judiciary
Legal proceeding conducted in public
Could be reported on freely by the press
Access to the law was uniform for all classes
Charges assessed by jury trial
Independent judges (better pay and training)
How often were justices of the peace elected
Every 3 years
Who elected the justices of the peace
The Zemstva
After the Judicial reform, what did the Tsar retain the right to do
Impose martial law during times of emergency (in response to the terrorist activity in the 1970s)
Example of a guilty person being let off
Vera Zasulich
When was Vera Zasulich let off
1878
Who did Vera Zasulich shoot
General Trepov
Where were juries not used
Poland
The Caucasus
Ecclesiastical
Military courts
Why was there a greater need for education
Emancipation
What happened to universities
Freedom to run their own affairs
Could appoint professors (approval of Ministry of Education needed)
What happened to the responsibility of local education
Transferred from the church to the Zemstva
Education was made available regardless of?
Class or gender
By how many times did the number of children in primary school increase between 1856 and 1880
Increased 3x
Between 1856 and 1880 what happened to the number of university students
Increased from 3,600 to 10,000
What ideas did university lead to the spread of
Liberal and radical ideas
How many books were published in 1855
1,020
How many books were published in 1864
1,836
How many books were published in 1894
10,691
