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2. Smith and EIM > Smith 5 - Ruminant Resp > Flashcards

Smith 5 - Ruminant Resp Flashcards

1
Q

enzootic nasal granuloma

A

-cattle and sheep
-allergen irritates first, then subsequent irritation causes granuloma growth
-chronic yearly / seasonal problem
-itchy, discharge, resp obstruction

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2
Q

majority of neoplasms in sheep and goats

A

adenopapillomas, adenomas, or adenocarcinomas

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3
Q

ONAV / CNAV

A

enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma
-young adults
-progressive

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4
Q

OPA

A

ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma
-jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus

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5
Q

oestrus ovis

A

nasal passage / sinus parasite
-discharge, sneezing, rubbing
-sneeze out adult worms, turn to flies
-Tx: oral ivermectin

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6
Q

sinusitis is often associated with

A

dehorning
-frontal sinus
-t pyogenes

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7
Q

cause of sinusitis, not dehorning related

A

p multocida

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8
Q

necrotic laryngitis / calf diphtheria

A

-f. necrophorum enters through contact ulcers
-crowded feedlots, <30 days old
-most cases 1-18 months old

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9
Q

Tx for calf diphtheria

A

oxytet, PPG, florfenicol
+ NSAIDs

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10
Q

laryngeal papillomatosis

A

-papoviruses
-enter through contact ulcers
-frondlike yellow pedunculate on vocal cords
-sx removal

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11
Q

arytenoid cartilage abscesses

A

t. pyogenes
-calves and sheep
-alert and afebrile

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12
Q

idiopathic tracheal collapse in cattle

A

caudal cervical / cranial thoracic
DV flattening

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13
Q

tracheal edema syndrome

A

-feedlot cattle
-edema and hemorrhage in dorsal tracheal wall
-honker cattle, nonproductive cough
-can cause acute dyspnoea in heavy feedlot cattle
-chronic form in lighter cattle

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14
Q

pathogenic organisms invade the lung through the pulmonary tree

A

bronchopneumonia

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15
Q

CS: depression, fever, signs of sepsis, A-V distribution of abnormal lung sounds and lesions

A

bronchopneumonia

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16
Q

interstitial reaction to inhaled allergens

A

interstitial pneumonia

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17
Q

septic emboli from liver abscesses or postcaval thrombi to the lungs

A

metastatic pneumonia

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18
Q

CS: sepsis and bronchopneumonia, hemoptysis

A

metastatic pneumonia

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19
Q

Respiratory Dz Complex

A

broncho or pleuropneumonia
-enzootic pneumonia in dairy cattle
-shipping fever in beef

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20
Q

IBR

A

BHV-1
-can have conjunctivitis / keratitis
-2ary bacterial infection common
-adult cattle are the reservoirs

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21
Q

BRSV

A

-CV distribution
-disease limited to resp system
-rapid progression

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22
Q

PIV-3

A

mild / may be asymptomatic but contributes to other agents

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23
Q

mannheimia hemolytica

A

-gram neg aerobe
-serotype A1 most common
-dull, depressed, off feed at first
-pleural pain, loud harsh CV sounds, NO COUGH
-fibrinous pleuritis = abducted elbows
-often viral infection occurs first
–> endotoxemia

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24
Q

pasturella multicoda

A

-serogroup A
-does cause cough
-endotoxemia

-less severe and shorter dz than MH
-common in young calves with bronchopneumonia

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25
Q

histophilus somni

A

-does cause cough, pleural pain
-LOS (acts same as LPS – endotoxemia0
-vasculitis and thrombi

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26
Q

m. bovis

A

cattle only
-outbreaks in calves
-can also get otitis / vestibular signs
-arthritis / tenosynovitis
-pneumonia that doesn’t respond to usual therapy
-need to culture TTA

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27
Q

BHV-1 resp dz mechanism

A

1) direct injury and destruction of infected URT cells, inflammation, increased susceptibility to infections
2) immunosuppression

+ can have latent infections

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28
Q

main reservoir of BHV-1

A

latent infections

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29
Q

Malignant catarrhal fever

A

-sporadic dz of cattle
-ovine herpesvirus type 2

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30
Q

BVDV

A

can cause mild resp dz by itself, or alter immune response / suppression

PI calves fail to respond to vaccines

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31
Q

cattle get influenza ___

A

IDV

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32
Q

drugs labelled to tx m. bovis

A

tulathromycin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin, gamithromycin

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33
Q

mycoplasma mycoides capri

A

-non infectious in adult goats
-mortality in kids 2-8 weeks old
-peracute illness, CNS dz, or acute joint infection and pneumonia

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34
Q

shipping fever causes

A

fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia

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35
Q

Vx recommended for feedlot cattle

A

BHV-1
BVDV1,2
BRSV
PIV-3
8-way clostridial
m.h. + p.m.

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36
Q

metaphylaxis abx

A

-about to be or just got sick
-recommended to inject individually

37
Q

4 types of interstitial pneumonia

A

1) ARDS
2) hypersensitivity
3) chronic
4) parasitic

38
Q

fog fever

A

ABPEE - acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema

pulmonary adenomatosis

ARDS of adults

39
Q

feedlot acute interstitial pneumonia

A

feed pneumotoxins + BRSV ?
- or - bacteria?
-found dead in pen
-mostly heifers
-NO type II pneumocyte proliferation

40
Q

moldy sweet potato

A

f. solani (fungus) produces the hepatotoxin 4-hydroxymyoporone, which is then converted to the pneumotoxin 4-ipomeanol

-dyspnoea, frothing, grunting
-signs appear within 1 day of exposure
-deaths 2-5 days later
- grave prognosis, can try flunixin and furosemide

–does NOT affect nursing calves

41
Q

perilla ketone toxicity

A

-square stem weed with serrated leaves

-august to October

-adults worse affected&raquo_space; yearlings and calves
-animals found dead, severe dyspnoea, expiratory heave / grunt
-no tx

–similar to APBEE

42
Q

extrinsic allergic alveolitis

A

hypersensitivity pneumonitis
-confined adult cattle
-can be chronic, no fever or consolidation
-moldy hay and winter housing

43
Q

chronic interstitial pneumonias

A

-fibrosing alveolitis
-bronchiolitis obliterians
-individual animal dz

44
Q

chronic progressive pneumonia in sheep

A

OPP and corynebacterium pseudot. abscesses

45
Q

chronic progressive pneumonia in goats

A

CLA, CAEV

46
Q

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia OPP

A

AKA maedi-visna

-lentivirus
-spread in milk
-chronic / progressive wasting, resp dz, arthritis, neuro dz, mastitis
-prolonged incubation, most cases subclinical
-no treatment, eradicate from flock

47
Q

OPA / jaagsiekte

A

-induces pulmonary carcinoma
-retrovirus
- RESP SPREAD

-mature sheep 2-4yrs
-weight loss, exercise intolerance, dspneoa, crackles

-WHEELBARROW TEST for frothy, clear to milky to pink fluid accumulation

-no tx - cull
testing difficult

48
Q

CAE

A

caprine arteritis and encephalitis

-lentivirus
1) leukoencephalomyelitis kids 2-6 months
2-4) polysynovitis, mastitis, or interstitial pneumonia in adults

-silent pneumonia found on PM

49
Q

CLA

A

c. pesudotuberculosis

-chronic pyogranulomatus abscesses in LN and organs
-external or internal forms

-goats = external LNs
-sheep = internal LNs and organs

–> SHITest (serology)

50
Q

lungworm in cattle

A

d. viviparous
-trichostrongyloid nematode
-direct lifecycle
-eosinophilic exudate reaction to L4 in small airways
- prepotent phase d7-25, gradual onset coughing and tachypnea
-patent phase d25-55 consolidation and pneumonia

51
Q

lugworm tx in cattle

A

levamisole, fenbendazole, ivermectin, eprinomectin, doramectin, moxidectin

52
Q

lungworm in sheep / goats

A

m. capillaris: most common, mollusk host

d. filaria - direct Lcycle

p. rufescens - mollusc, subclinical infections

53
Q

lungworm tx sheep

A

moxidectin
*resistant to levamisole

54
Q

lungworm tx goats

A

fenbendazole, ivermectin

55
Q

bovine TB

A

m. bovis
-transmission by direct contact with infected animals, mostly wildlife
-slowly progressive, non specific, moist cough
-lesions in lungs and pulmonary LNs – GRANULOMAS
-tuberculin skin test
-gold standard = culture (8 weeks)

56
Q

CVCT metastatic pneumonia

A

-septic conditions, especially liver abscesses caused by rumenitis, cause vena cava thrombi
-these then spread to lungs
-mostly feedlot cattle, any age
-increased HR RR, dyspnoea, cough, hear murmur, anemia, wheezes, epistaxis

57
Q

most common cause of diaphragmatic hernia in ruminants

A

hardware / TRP

58
Q

histophilus somni vaccination

A

+ can decrease morbidity / mortality in groups where there are problems

  • can cause hypersensitivity reactions after a booster or infection
59
Q

m. bovis can cause

A

pneumonia
resp dz
arthritis
tenosynovitis
mastitis
otitis
conjunctivitis
sinusitis
myocarditis
pericarditis
repro failure

60
Q

m. bovis in young calves

A

resp + otitis: ear drooping, purulent aural discharge, facial paralysis+ vestibular C

61
Q

m. bovis in weaned calves

A

resp + arthritis and tenosynovitis - CPPS

62
Q

m. bovis DX

A

tissue culture or deep nasal swab

IHC, immunofluorescence, PCR

serology no good

63
Q

m. bovis TX

A

fluoroquinolones

Labelled in the US: Tulathromycin (draxxin), Florfenicol (Nuflor), Enrofloxacin (Baytril), Gamithromycin (Zactran)

64
Q

mycoplasma mycoides mycoides

A

-goat kids: normal 2-8 days, then high fever and die
-opisthontonos
-hot swollen joints, pneumonia
-large outbreaks

-does: arthritis, mastitis, interstitial pneumonia

-can isolate from milk tank or animals

-no Vx
-recovered does will be chronic shedders

-control: heat tx colostrum, pasteurize milk for 1 month, cull all kids w swollen joints

65
Q

Fibrinous pleuritis + necrosis of the lung (brown to grey, firm) w/ infarcts

A

M.haemolytica, H:somni or Biberteinia trehalosi

66
Q

BP w/ firm collapsed lobules without fibrin on the pleura:

A

P.multocida, M.bovis, other mycoplasmas., BRSV, PIV-3.

67
Q

Nasopharyngeal Swabs

A

identification BHV-1, BRSV, BVDV (significant) vs. pasteurellaceae: less significant

68
Q

When can corticosteroids be used?

A

necrotic laryngitis or tracheal edema syndrome: dex or isoflupredone acetate

69
Q

ARDS

A

CS: Sudden onset of severe dyspnea

Gross Path: consistent w/ AIP: fail to collapse once thorax opened, firm rubbery texture, interlobular or bullous emphysema, sometimes edema, sometimes patchwork lobular appearance

Histo Path: alveolar hyaline mb formation and fibrin deposition, alveolar and interstitial edema, type II pneumocyte proliferation

70
Q

Acute Interstitial Pneumonia

A

typical pathologic changes characteristic of the clinical picture of acute respiratory distress syndrome

71
Q

APBEE

A

AIP
-ARDS in adults >2yo, cows

-moved to lush green pasture (alfalfa, kale, rape, turnip)
-2 weeks after change

-conversion of L-tryptophan into pneumotoxic 3-methylindole compound

-no cough, no sepsis, lungs sound ok

-severe acute dyspnoea
-loud expiratory grunt
-frothing, open mouth breathing, head and neck extended
-mild exercise = collapse and die

-occurs in the fall
-no Tx - 30% die
- can give monensin before turnout

72
Q

3-methylindole

A

fog fever

-pneumotoxic → pulmonary edema, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, hyaline membranes, emphysem

L-tryptophan converted by ruminal microorganisms → indole acetic acid → 3-MI → blood → metabolism by cyt. P450 → alters oxidase system in Clara C and type I pneumocyte → reactive intermediates → detoxified by conjugation w/ glutathione → bind to intraC prot or molecules → cellular damage or death → degeneration, necrosis, exfoliation of clara and type I pneumo C, edema → hyaline mb formation, proliferation of type II pneumocytes (ADENOMATOSIS) + clara C

73
Q

Nitrogen Dioxide Gas

A

CS: cough, ↑FR RR, resp grunting, depression, anorexia, agalactiae, extension of head, open mouth breathing, fever, salivation, lacrimation, SQ emphysema, decreased lung sounds and crackles

• DDX: other ARDS syndromes, hypersensitivity pneumonia, nitrate toxicity

• Clinpath: MetHb peak at 30min after exposure, normal in 12-24h

• Pathophys: dissolution of NO2 in water (resp tract) → nitric acid + nitrates + nitrites → MetHb

• Epidemio: outbreak, housed cattle proximity to silo or poorly ventilated. NO2 heavier than air: on top of the silage or at the bottom. Levels highest 48h after filling silo, dangerous up to 3 weeks.

• Necropsy: hyperemia upper airways, hemorrhage, froth trachea, distended non-collapsing lungs w/ rib imprints, patchwork , emphysema and bulla

• Tx: ventilation, outside. Corticosteroids: unconfirmed, furosemide and AB to control secondary bacteria

74
Q

what is the primary target of immediate / type I hypersensitivity

A

the lung

75
Q

bronchiolitis obliterans

A

Yearling and young cattle

• Deep cough, tachypnea, expiratory effort, no fever

• Hypotheses: sequela to BRSV or PIV-3 or IVR or Dyctyocaulus viviparus of hypersensitivity

• Lung normal on necropsy but don’t collaps

76
Q

dictyocaulus viviparus life cycle

A

Direct life cycle: female produce larvated eggs → hatch in the lungs → larvae up to respiratory tract, coughed up → GI → feces → L1 to infective L3 on the ground (≈5 days, varies depending on environment) → ingested by cattle → GI tract, intestinal wall → mesenteric LN: L4 → blood and lymph all the way to lungs (terminal capillaries of the ventral parts of the caudal lobes → immature adult stage (7days after ingestion) → develop and mate → eggs in bronch

PPP 7-25 days

77
Q

dictyocaulus viviparus DX

A

• Only nematode producing larvae found in the feces: diagnostic. Rectal samples preferred to limit ground contamination

• Baermann test, may be seen on TTA. Large larvae 400µm w/ pointed tail (≠D.filaria)

• ELISA in serum and milk (from 30 to 138 days post exposure even when BV treated and not shedding).

• Eosinophilia (peak 4-7 weeks after infection)

78
Q

dictyocaulus viviparus

A

• L4 in the alveoli → eosinophilic exudate → blocks small bronchi and bronchioles → atelectasis of lobule → cough and tachypnea to compensate: PRE-PATENT

• L4 then mature and migrate up the airways

• Adults → inflammation in larger airways Aspirated eggs and larvae → macrophage and giant C response caudal lobes → consolidation: PATENT

• Complications at any phase: edema (heart failure or epithelial damage), interstitial emphysema (from dyspnea), alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, secondary bacterial infection (uncommon)

• Re-infection syndrome: No larvae are found in the feces. CS due to immune reaction to migrating larvae, even if the animal is immune to the dz.

• Temperate areas w/ high rainfall. Rarely outbreaks in the US but to dry summers: limit survival and accumulation of larvae on pasture.

79
Q

dictyocaulus viviparus TX

A

• Levamisole, Fenbendazole, Oxfendazole, Albendazole, Ivermectin, Eprinomectin, Doramectin, Moxidectin (pour-on only).

• Macrocyclic lactone have residual activity

• Dyspnea, fever, anorexia, depression: guarded prognosis

• Control: pasture management and anthelmintics (specific programs in Europe)

• Long action alternatives: continuous release ivermectin or fenbendazole bolus, LA moxidectin injection (120d), and Oxfendazole pulse release bolus. Not available US.

• Suppressive programs can interfere w/ development of immunity but immunity still occurs.

• Delay of spring turnout: adjunct to control

80
Q

Dictyocaulus filaria

A

sheep/goats

• Life cycle identical to D.viviparus. Pre-patent: 4 weeks.

• DDX: progressive viral pneumonias.

• Dx: Baermann. Fresh feces, ↓ if stored.

• Larvae have anterior knob ≠ D.viviparus.

• Dorso-caudal regions of diaphragmatic lobes.

• Levamisole, fenbendazole, ivermectin and moxidectin can be used.

• Move animals to fresh pastures if outbreak.

81
Q

Muellerius capillaris

A

GOATS!

interstitial pneumonia: firm lungs, diffuse thickening of septa, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia far beyond the immediate surroundings of the parasite. No nodule

• Indirect cycle:
L1 coughed up and swallowed → feces - Resist several month in environment - Intermediate molluscan host → development of L3 in 12 days - Ruminant ingests the snail → L3 goes to mesenteric LN → L4 - L4 migrates to the lungs → adults develop in alveoli

• Dx Baermann. Kink at the end : characteristic

• Pre-patent 6 weeks.

• Moxidectin in OV. Fenbendazole, albendazole, oxfendazole and ivermectin CP.

• (!) resistant to levamisole (!) albendazole caution first 35d of pregnancy (possibly teratogenic)

82
Q

Dx Testing for OPP / MV

A

serology to identify carriers

AGID - specific
ELISA - sensitive, can screen milk

Seroconversion 3wks - 1 yr

83
Q

pneumonia associated with septic TE most associated with

A

CAUDAL vena cava

feedlot cattle >1yo

rumenitis

Respiratory signs + anemia + widespread wheezes + hemoptysis = pathognomonic

–neutrophilic leukocytosis w/ regenerative left shit, ↑ globulins, ↑ liver enzymes.
–Chest X rays: irregular density, hematoma, gas-fluid interfaces or consolidation

84
Q

Bovine TB CS

A

Usually slowly progressing, CS late in the course (non specific).
-Mild respiratory signs, soft moist cough. Obvious dyspnea, emaciation and resp distress when advanced stages

LN related:
-Enlarged → rupture and drain.
-Bloat if mediastinal LN.
-Dysphagia-stridor-salivation if retropharyngeal
-Intestinal obstructions in mesenteric LN

85
Q

TB Testing

A

• primary screening with single injection of M.bovis PPD (tail of neck depending on country)

• primary or confirmatory test: dual injection of M.avium and M.bovis PPD to separate neck areas

• Varies regionally, various nontuberculous mycobacterium spp. can confound interpretation.

86
Q

do cattle have a complete mediastinum?

A

yes

87
Q

OvLV’s
ovine lentiviruses

A

maedi visna + OPP

CAEV

88
Q

how to test to SRLVs / maedi visna / OPA

A

elisa or pcr on bulk tank
elisa, agid, or pcr animals

89
Q

how to test for OPP / jaagsiekte

A

histo and IHC only

2. Smith and EIM (22 decks)

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