Smith 5 - Ruminant Resp Flashcards

Question

histophilus somni

Answer 1

-does cause cough, pleural pain -LOS (acts same as LPS -- endotoxemia0 -vasculitis and thrombi

Answer 2

cattle only -outbreaks in calves -can also get otitis / vestibular signs -arthritis / tenosynovitis -pneumonia that doesn't respond to usual therapy -need to culture TTA

Answer 3

1) direct injury and destruction of infected URT cells, inflammation, increased susceptibility to infections 2) immunosuppression + can have latent infections

Answer 4

latent infections

Answer 5

-sporadic dz of cattle -ovine herpesvirus type 2

Answer 6

can cause mild resp dz by itself, or alter immune response / suppression PI calves fail to respond to vaccines

Answer 7

tulathromycin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin, gamithromycin

Answer 8

-non infectious in adult goats -mortality in kids 2-8 weeks old -peracute illness, CNS dz, or acute joint infection and pneumonia

Answer 9

fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia

Answer 10

BHV-1 BVDV1,2 BRSV PIV-3 8-way clostridial m.h. + p.m.

Answer 11

-about to be or just got sick -recommended to inject individually

Answer 12

1) ARDS 2) hypersensitivity 3) chronic 4) parasitic

Answer 13

ABPEE - acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema pulmonary adenomatosis ARDS of adults

Answer 14

feed pneumotoxins + BRSV ? - or - bacteria? -found dead in pen -mostly heifers -NO type II pneumocyte proliferation

Answer 15

f. solani (fungus) produces the hepatotoxin 4-hydroxymyoporone, which is then converted to the pneumotoxin 4-ipomeanol -dyspnoea, frothing, grunting -signs appear within 1 day of exposure -deaths 2-5 days later - grave prognosis, can try flunixin and furosemide --does NOT affect nursing calves

Answer 16

-square stem weed with serrated leaves -august to October -adults worse affected >> yearlings and calves -animals found dead, severe dyspnoea, expiratory heave / grunt -no tx --similar to APBEE

Answer 17

hypersensitivity pneumonitis -confined adult cattle -can be chronic, no fever or consolidation -moldy hay and winter housing

Answer 18

-fibrosing alveolitis -bronchiolitis obliterians -individual animal dz

Answer 19

OPP and corynebacterium pseudot. abscesses

Answer 20

AKA maedi-visna -lentivirus -spread in milk -chronic / progressive wasting, resp dz, arthritis, neuro dz, mastitis -prolonged incubation, most cases subclinical -no treatment, eradicate from flock

Answer 21

-induces pulmonary carcinoma -retrovirus - RESP SPREAD -mature sheep 2-4yrs -weight loss, exercise intolerance, dspneoa, crackles -WHEELBARROW TEST for frothy, clear to milky to pink fluid accumulation -no tx - cull testing difficult

Answer 22

caprine arteritis and encephalitis -lentivirus 1) leukoencephalomyelitis kids 2-6 months 2-4) polysynovitis, mastitis, or interstitial pneumonia in adults -silent pneumonia found on PM

Answer 23

c. pesudotuberculosis -chronic pyogranulomatus abscesses in LN and organs -external or internal forms -goats = external LNs -sheep = internal LNs and organs --> SHITest (serology)

Answer 24

d. viviparous -trichostrongyloid nematode -direct lifecycle -eosinophilic exudate reaction to L4 in small airways - prepotent phase d7-25, gradual onset coughing and tachypnea -patent phase d25-55 consolidation and pneumonia

Answer 25

levamisole, fenbendazole, ivermectin, eprinomectin, doramectin, moxidectin

Answer 26

m. capillaris: most common, mollusk host d. filaria - direct Lcycle p. rufescens - mollusc, subclinical infections

Answer 27

moxidectin *resistant to levamisole

Answer 28

fenbendazole, ivermectin

Answer 29

m. bovis -transmission by direct contact with infected animals, mostly wildlife -slowly progressive, non specific, moist cough -lesions in lungs and pulmonary LNs -- GRANULOMAS -tuberculin skin test -gold standard = culture (8 weeks)

Answer 30

-septic conditions, especially liver abscesses caused by rumenitis, cause vena cava thrombi -these then spread to lungs -mostly feedlot cattle, any age -increased HR RR, dyspnoea, cough, hear murmur, anemia, wheezes, epistaxis

Answer 31

hardware / TRP

Answer 32

+ can decrease morbidity / mortality in groups where there are problems - can cause hypersensitivity reactions after a booster or infection

Answer 33

pneumonia resp dz arthritis tenosynovitis mastitis otitis conjunctivitis sinusitis myocarditis pericarditis repro failure

Answer 34

resp + otitis: ear drooping, purulent aural discharge, facial paralysis+ vestibular C

Answer 35

resp + arthritis and tenosynovitis - CPPS

Answer 36

tissue culture or deep nasal swab IHC, immunofluorescence, PCR serology no good

Answer 37

fluoroquinolones Labelled in the US: Tulathromycin (draxxin), Florfenicol (Nuflor), Enrofloxacin (Baytril), Gamithromycin (Zactran)

Answer 38

-goat kids: normal 2-8 days, then high fever and die -opisthontonos -hot swollen joints, pneumonia -large outbreaks -does: arthritis, mastitis, interstitial pneumonia -can isolate from milk tank or animals -no Vx -recovered does will be chronic shedders -control: heat tx colostrum, pasteurize milk for 1 month, cull all kids w swollen joints

Answer 39

M.haemolytica, H:somni or Biberteinia trehalosi

Answer 40

P.multocida, M.bovis, other mycoplasmas., BRSV, PIV-3.

Answer 41

identification BHV-1, BRSV, BVDV (significant) vs. pasteurellaceae: less significant

Answer 42

necrotic laryngitis or tracheal edema syndrome: dex or isoflupredone acetate

Answer 43

CS: Sudden onset of severe dyspnea Gross Path: consistent w/ AIP: fail to collapse once thorax opened, firm rubbery texture, interlobular or bullous emphysema, sometimes edema, sometimes patchwork lobular appearance Histo Path: alveolar hyaline mb formation and fibrin deposition, alveolar and interstitial edema, type II pneumocyte proliferation

Answer 44

typical pathologic changes characteristic of the clinical picture of acute respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 45

AIP -ARDS in adults >2yo, cows -moved to lush green pasture (alfalfa, kale, rape, turnip) -2 weeks after change -conversion of L-tryptophan into pneumotoxic 3-methylindole compound -no cough, no sepsis, lungs sound ok -severe acute dyspnoea -loud expiratory grunt -frothing, open mouth breathing, head and neck extended -mild exercise = collapse and die -occurs in the fall -no Tx - 30% die - can give monensin before turnout

Answer 46

fog fever -pneumotoxic → pulmonary edema, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, hyaline membranes, emphysem L-tryptophan converted by ruminal microorganisms → indole acetic acid → 3-MI → blood → metabolism by cyt. P450 → alters oxidase system in Clara C and type I pneumocyte → reactive intermediates → detoxified by conjugation w/ glutathione → bind to intraC prot or molecules → cellular damage or death → degeneration, necrosis, exfoliation of clara and type I pneumo C, edema → hyaline mb formation, proliferation of type II pneumocytes (ADENOMATOSIS) + clara C

Answer 47

CS: cough, ↑FR RR, resp grunting, depression, anorexia, agalactiae, extension of head, open mouth breathing, fever, salivation, lacrimation, SQ emphysema, decreased lung sounds and crackles • DDX: other ARDS syndromes, hypersensitivity pneumonia, nitrate toxicity • Clinpath: MetHb peak at 30min after exposure, normal in 12-24h • Pathophys: dissolution of NO2 in water (resp tract) → nitric acid + nitrates + nitrites → MetHb • Epidemio: outbreak, housed cattle proximity to silo or poorly ventilated. NO2 heavier than air: on top of the silage or at the bottom. Levels highest 48h after filling silo, dangerous up to 3 weeks. • Necropsy: hyperemia upper airways, hemorrhage, froth trachea, distended non-collapsing lungs w/ rib imprints, patchwork , emphysema and bulla • Tx: ventilation, outside. Corticosteroids: unconfirmed, furosemide and AB to control secondary bacteria

Answer 48

Yearling and young cattle • Deep cough, tachypnea, expiratory effort, no fever • Hypotheses: sequela to BRSV or PIV-3 or IVR or Dyctyocaulus viviparus of hypersensitivity • Lung normal on necropsy but don’t collaps

Answer 49

Direct life cycle: female produce larvated eggs → hatch in the lungs → larvae up to respiratory tract, coughed up → GI → feces → L1 to infective L3 on the ground (≈5 days, varies depending on environment) → ingested by cattle → GI tract, intestinal wall → mesenteric LN: L4 → blood and lymph all the way to lungs (terminal capillaries of the ventral parts of the caudal lobes → immature adult stage (7days after ingestion) → develop and mate → eggs in bronch PPP 7-25 days

Answer 50

• Only nematode producing larvae found in the feces: diagnostic. Rectal samples preferred to limit ground contamination • Baermann test, may be seen on TTA. Large larvae 400µm w/ pointed tail (≠D.filaria) • ELISA in serum and milk (from 30 to 138 days post exposure even when BV treated and not shedding). • Eosinophilia (peak 4-7 weeks after infection)

Answer 51

• L4 in the alveoli → eosinophilic exudate → blocks small bronchi and bronchioles → atelectasis of lobule → cough and tachypnea to compensate: PRE-PATENT • L4 then mature and migrate up the airways • Adults → inflammation in larger airways Aspirated eggs and larvae → macrophage and giant C response caudal lobes → consolidation: PATENT • Complications at any phase: edema (heart failure or epithelial damage), interstitial emphysema (from dyspnea), alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, secondary bacterial infection (uncommon) • Re-infection syndrome: No larvae are found in the feces. CS due to immune reaction to migrating larvae, even if the animal is immune to the dz. • Temperate areas w/ high rainfall. Rarely outbreaks in the US but to dry summers: limit survival and accumulation of larvae on pasture.

Answer 52

• Levamisole, Fenbendazole, Oxfendazole, Albendazole, Ivermectin, Eprinomectin, Doramectin, Moxidectin (pour-on only). • Macrocyclic lactone have residual activity • Dyspnea, fever, anorexia, depression: guarded prognosis • Control: pasture management and anthelmintics (specific programs in Europe) • Long action alternatives: continuous release ivermectin or fenbendazole bolus, LA moxidectin injection (120d), and Oxfendazole pulse release bolus. Not available US. • Suppressive programs can interfere w/ development of immunity but immunity still occurs. • Delay of spring turnout: adjunct to control

Answer 53

sheep/goats • Life cycle identical to D.viviparus. Pre-patent: 4 weeks. • DDX: progressive viral pneumonias. • Dx: Baermann. Fresh feces, ↓ if stored. • Larvae have anterior knob ≠ D.viviparus. • Dorso-caudal regions of diaphragmatic lobes. • Levamisole, fenbendazole, ivermectin and moxidectin can be used. • Move animals to fresh pastures if outbreak.

Answer 54

GOATS! interstitial pneumonia: firm lungs, diffuse thickening of septa, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia far beyond the immediate surroundings of the parasite. No nodule • Indirect cycle: L1 coughed up and swallowed → feces - Resist several month in environment - Intermediate molluscan host → development of L3 in 12 days - Ruminant ingests the snail → L3 goes to mesenteric LN → L4 - L4 migrates to the lungs → adults develop in alveoli • Dx Baermann. Kink at the end : characteristic • Pre-patent 6 weeks. • Moxidectin in OV. Fenbendazole, albendazole, oxfendazole and ivermectin CP. • (!) resistant to levamisole (!) albendazole caution first 35d of pregnancy (possibly teratogenic)

Answer 55

serology to identify carriers AGID - specific ELISA - sensitive, can screen milk Seroconversion 3wks - 1 yr

Answer 56

CAUDAL vena cava feedlot cattle >1yo rumenitis Respiratory signs + anemia + widespread wheezes + hemoptysis = pathognomonic --neutrophilic leukocytosis w/ regenerative left shit, ↑ globulins, ↑ liver enzymes. --Chest X rays: irregular density, hematoma, gas-fluid interfaces or consolidation

Answer 57

Usually slowly progressing, CS late in the course (non specific). -Mild respiratory signs, soft moist cough. Obvious dyspnea, emaciation and resp distress when advanced stages LN related: -Enlarged → rupture and drain. -Bloat if mediastinal LN. -Dysphagia-stridor-salivation if retropharyngeal -Intestinal obstructions in mesenteric LN

Answer 58

• primary screening with single injection of M.bovis PPD (tail of neck depending on country) • primary or confirmatory test: dual injection of M.avium and M.bovis PPD to separate neck areas • Varies regionally, various nontuberculous mycobacterium spp. can confound interpretation.

Answer 59

maedi visna + OPP CAEV

Answer 60

elisa or pcr on bulk tank elisa, agid, or pcr animals

Answer 61

histo and IHC only