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2. Smith and EIM > Smith 5 - Equine Resp > Flashcards

Smith 5 - Equine Resp Flashcards

1
Q

DDX for pleural effusion

A

bacterial pneumonia (73%)

-less common: hemothorax, chest penetration, esophageal perf, neoplasia, fungal pneumonia

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2
Q

frequent anaerobe in equine pleuropneumonia resistant to penicillins

A

bacteriodes fragilis

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3
Q

CS of rhodococcus

A

-chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia with extensive abscessation

Cough, fever, lethargy

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4
Q

__% of foals with subclinical rhodococcus recover without abx

A

80-90%

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5
Q

intestinal r. equi

A

multifocal ulcerative enterocolitis and typhlitis over the Peyer’s patches with granulomatous or suppurative inflammation of mesenteric / colonic LNs

-can be a single large mesenteric LN abscess adhered to bowel

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6
Q

r. equi polysynovitis tx

A

not necessary - if lung dz is responding to tx

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7
Q

r. equi septic arthritis

A

aggressive local tx needed
will be very lame

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8
Q

r. equi VapA gene

A

-only VAP to have a role in virulence
-encodes an immunodominant temperature-inducible surface-expressed lipoprotein

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9
Q

factors necessary for r. equi virulence

A

VapA gene
regulator genes virR and virS

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10
Q

type I immune response to r. equi

A

T helper lymphocytes produce IFN-g
sufficient to effect pulmonary clearance

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11
Q

type II immune response to r. equi

A

IL-4 production
not effective at clearing infection

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12
Q

common bacteria causing neonatal foal pneumonia <30 days

A

-sepsis / ascending infection
-E. coli, kleb, actinobacillus, salmonella

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13
Q

causes of pneumonia in foals 1-6 months old

A

strep zoo and r. equi
-less common actinobacillus, b. bronchiseptica, E. coli, kleb, pasturella, pseudomonas, salmonella

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14
Q

pneumocystis carinii

A

fungal cause of pneumonia, usually concurrent infection or in SCID foals

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15
Q

CS of URT fungal infection

A

serosanguineous or mucopurulent discharge and airway noise

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16
Q

BAL cytology w/ fungal pneumonia

A

degenerate neutrophils, intracellular hyphae

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17
Q

polyene antibiotic that combines with ergosterol in fungal cell membrane –> increased cell permeability

A

amphotericin B

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18
Q

destroy fungi by inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis in the fungal cell membrane

A

-azoles

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19
Q

saprophytic fungus that causes granulomatous lesions in nasal passages, trachea, or soft palate
-histo similar to pythiosis
-hyphae are thin walled, highly septate, irregularly branching

A

conidiobolomycosis

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20
Q

saprophytic, round, basidiomycetous yeastlike fungus
-large heteropolysaccharide capsule that does not stain-
-causes pneumonia, rhinitis, meningitis, and abortion

A

cryptococcus neoformans

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21
Q

broad septet hyphae with parallel sides and acute right-angled branching
-vascular invasion
-pneumonia in immunocompromised horses, esp. ones with enterocolitis

A

aspergilliosis

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22
Q

prognosis of aspergillus pneumonia

A

FATAL

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23
Q

dimorphic saprophytic fungus; yeasts can be seen inside giant multinucleated cells
-spherical yeasts, unilateral broad based budding
-causes pyogranulomatous pneumonia, pulmonary abscesses, peritonitis, abscesses

A

blastomycosis

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24
Q

epizootic lymphangitis

A

histoplasmosis capsulatum
-ocular, cutaneous, respiratory, or asymptomatic dz
DDX: glanders
Field test: histofarcin skin test

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25
soil saprophyte that likes semi-arid areas with sandy alkaline soil -forms nonbonding spherules when inhaled -causes weight loss, fever, abdominal pain, respiratory dz, nasal granulomas, and diffuse infections
coccidioides immitis
26
where does s. equi attach
cells in the crypt of the lingual and palatine tonsils, and to the follicular associated epithelium of the pharyngeal and tubal tonsils
27
strangles serology is useful for detecting
recent but not current infection
28
purpura hemorrhagic is a
-type III hypersensitivity -aseptic necrotizing vasculitis
29
uncontrolled pulmonary inflammation and coagulation lead to accumulation and activation of leukocytes and platelets in the lungs, altered permeability of the pulmonary barrier, and accumulation of edema within the airways
ARDS
30
Severe ARDS
PaO2/FiO2 <100mmhg
31
Moderate ARDS
PaO2/FiO2 100-200 mmghg -or PaO2 <42 on room air
32
Mild ARDS / ALI
PaO2/FiO2 200-300mmhg -or PaO2 <63 on room air
33
perilla mint, crofton weed, crotalatia, and senecio all cause?
interstitial pneumonia in horses
34
Hx: weight loss, fever, cough Rads: multiple coalescing nodular densities over a diffuse interstitial pattern
EMPF
35
__ can cause ARDS in older foals
rhodococcus
36
equine parasitic pneumonia
young foals, migration of parascaris equorum larvae through lung parenchyma
37
what toxic plants can cause interstitial pneumonia
PA's (mostly crotalaria, trichodesma, and senecio) -toxic metabolite activated in the liver, travels to the lungs crofton weed perilla ketones
38
smoke inhalation pneumonia
acute diffuse interstitial, followed by opportunistic bacteria
39
4 phases of interstitial pneumonia
1) parenchymal injury and alveolitis 2) proliferative 3) chronic interstitial fibrosis 4) irreparable fibrosis
40
complications of interstitial pneumonia and fibrosis
-cor pulmonale -pulmonary hypertension
41
definitive test for chronic interstitial pneumonia
lung biopsy + histo
42
culture medium for equine influenza
embryonated chicken eggs
43
anti-viral used for EMPF
acyclovir
44
most frequently diagnosed viral resp dx of the horse
influenza
45
the flu virus in horses
-enveloped, with segmented single stranded negative sense RNA -Orthomyxoviridae -members of group A
46
viral hemagglutinin (HA)
-glycoprotein -determines host specificity -receptor binding protein
47
viral neuraminidase (NA)
facilitates mobility of virus by assisting in the release of budding particles from host cells
48
influenza subtypes in horses
H7N7 (A/equine/1) H3N8 (A/equine/2)
49
most significant influenza lesions are in the
lower airway
50
how does flu enter the resp epithelial cell
receptor mediated endocytosis
51
CS of influenza
-fever 48-96 hours post infection -serous nasal discharge becoming more mucop -dry hacking cough may last 3 weeks -anorexia
52
EHV-1, 3, & 4 are
alphaherpesvirinae -linear dsDNA
53
which EHV can infect other species (donkeys, cattle, camelids)
EHV-1
54
EHV-2 & 5 are
gammaherpesvirinae
55
equine coital exanthema
EHV-3
56
EHV-? can cause resp disease but only single abortions (not storms)
4
57
how does EHV-1 spread from resp tract
lymphocyte-associated viremia -then spreads from leukocytes to epithelial cells at secondary site
58
development of EHM is correlated with
magnitude and duration of viremia
59
EHV-1 abortion
-last 4 months of gest -vasculitis of small arteriolar branches of glandular endometrium -thrombosis, microcotyledonary infarction, perivascular cuffing, and transplacental spread of virus -spits out fetus with no warning signs
60
EHM effects
-widespread vascular injury -damage to BBB -thromboischemic necrosis in SC and brain
61
eq adenoviruses
-EAdV1 = acute resp dz, conjunctivitis, and fatal pneumonia in SCID arab foals -EAdV2 = intestinal infection and d+ in normal foals
62
dictyocaulus arnfeldi infectious stage
L3 on pasture - ingested, migrate to intestines and lungs via lymphatics, infiltrate alveoli
63
what fungus helps spread lungworm
philbolus
64
IL-17
-implicated in asthma -secreted by Th-17 cells -promotes maturation, chemotaxis, and activation of neutrophils -upregulated IL-8 expression and promotes airway neutrophilia
65
Glanders
-burkholderia mallei -facultative intracellular gram negative bacteria -nasal, pulmonary, or cutaneous forms -nodules -purulent yellow discharge
66
cause of EIPH
-pulmonary blood -rupture of alveolar capillary membranes -secondary to increase in transmural pressure
67
most reported primary lung tumor in horses
granular cell tumor
68
eupatorium adenophora
crouton weed poisoning -pneumotoxicosis
69
in horses, is inspiration or expiration active?
both
70
when does cyanosis become apparent?
a. 5 mg/100 mL (5 g/dL) of deoxygenated hemoglobin is present b. PaO2 is 35-45 mm Hg c. Severely anemic patients may never become cyanotic
71
Pulmonary aspergillosis most often follows
severe gastrointestinal disease that resulted in mucosal compromise
72
most frequently diagnosed viral resp dz in the horse
FLU H3N8 A/Eq/2
73
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
direct life cycle infective stage is L3 PPP 2-4 months
74
EVA replicates where
adrenals, thyroid, liver, testes, endothelial cell
75
EVA resp dz
Respiratory disease – periocular edema Fever, anorexia, lethargy, serous oculonasal discharge, cough, conjunctivitis, distal limb, prepucial, scrotum, and mammary edema, and urticaria localized to the sides of the neck and face +/- generalize
76
Hendra Virus
Fever, respiratory signs, facial swelling, ataxia, head pressing, recumbency, frothy nasal discharge, tachycardia, death within 36 hours Necropsy: syncytial giant cells containing cytoplasmic inclusion bodies with paramyxovirus nucleocapsid in the pulmonary endothelium
77
Dx of carbon monoxide toxicity
carboxyhemoglobin >10%
78
Diagnosing RAO
BAL neutrophilia SAA Haptoglobin
79
IAD is more common in horses that also have
DDSP
80
Gold standard Dx for Glanders
culture
81
primary pulmonary neoplasms
most frequently granular cell tumors confined to the lungs
82
most common equine thoracic neoplasm
lymphosarc gastric SCC also likes to met there
83
guttural pouch structures
cranial nerves VII, IX, X, XI, and XII, the cranial sympathetic trunk the internal carotid artery; and branches of the external carotid arter

2. Smith and EIM (22 decks)

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