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2. Smith and EIM > Smith 3 - Neonate / Ruminants > Flashcards

Smith 3 - Neonate / Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

Uterine torsion occurs mostly in

A

cattle - late first stage or early second stage labor

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2
Q

CS of uterine torsion

A

fever, tachycardia, tachypnoea, straining, anorexia, vaginal discharge

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3
Q

Most uterine torsions are to the

A

left. Uterus rolls to the non gravid horn. Usually 180-270 or 270-360 degrees

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4
Q

Elevated plasma estrogen concentration in late gestation cattle predisposes them to

A

cervicovaginal prolapse

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5
Q

Ringwomb

A

sporadic dystocia in sheep and goats
incomplete cervical dilation

tx is stretching or c section

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6
Q

early dilation syndrome

A

sheep - incomplete cervical dilation occurs 7-14 days pre term, sudden udder development overnight, lambs born alive but not viable

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7
Q

Hydrallantois / Hydrops Allantois

A
  • RAPID progressive accumulation of allantoic fluid
  • associated with placental dysfunction
  • reduced placentomes, more villous
  • allantoic Na and Cl concentrations rise and creat decreases
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8
Q

Hydramnios / Hydrops Amnii

A
  • rare
  • genetic or defective fetus
  • placentomes ARE palpable PR
  • pear shaped abdomen as fluid SLOWLY accumulates
  • prognosis is way better for cows life and future fertility
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9
Q

Signs of fetal death

A
  • no fetal HR
  • large quantities of echoic particles in uterine fluids
  • thickened uterine wall
  • reduced fremitus in uterine arteries
  • increased uterine tone
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10
Q

Estrone sulfate can diagnose pregnancy at

A

> 50 days in small ruminants
100 days in cattle (3.66ng/mL increases to 13.36 just before parturition)

decreases with fetal loss

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11
Q

The hypoxic uterine environment causes

A

pulmonary vessel constriction, dilation of the ductus arteriosis

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12
Q

___ favors right to left shunting

A

high pulmonary vascular resistance (due to hypoxia)

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13
Q

Dystocia accounts for ___% of stillbirths

A

40-60

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14
Q

Bovine colostrum contains __

A

45mg/dl immunoglobulin

1,000,000leukocytes/mL

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15
Q

IgG1 is transported by

A

transcytosis from blood endosomes to the polarized mammary epithelial cells

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16
Q

Colostrum is a good source of what mineral/

A

copper - not selenium or zinc

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17
Q

cows, sheep, and goats have a __ placenta

A

epitheliochorial

do not pass IG

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18
Q

What stimulates gut closure?

A

24-36 hrs total

growth factors, IGF-1, GH, and TGFb2
cause hyperplasia of intestinal epithelium and decrease the crypt tp villous ratio

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19
Q

What do colostral leukocytes do?

A

enhances antigen presenting capability, may transfer some cellular immunity
-frozen / pasteurized colostrum destroys the leucocytes

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20
Q

FPT in calves

A

<10mg/ml serum IgG at 24-48hrs old

serum TP <5g/dl

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21
Q

Lactoferrin

A

iron binding glycoprotein in colostrum, antimicrobial in neonatal GIT

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22
Q

Optimal colostrum

A

7.5-10% BW within 2 hours of birth

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23
Q

Feeding colostrum

A
  • 2-3L for optimal absorption
  • minimum 150g IgG within 6 hrs
  • feed 5%BW again t 12hrs
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24
Q

When do calf serum IgG levels peak?

A

32 hours

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25
Q

Where do calves absorb IG?

A

whole length of SI

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26
Q

Where do lambs and kids absorb IG?

A

jejunum

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27
Q

How is IgG absorbed?

A

micropinocytosis, some receptor mediated endocytosis

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28
Q

Best method to give colostrum

A

<1.5L - nipple bottle

>1.5L - esophageal feeder

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29
Q

BRIX

A

22% = 50g/l (dairy - 18% in beef)

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30
Q

FPT in goats

A

<1200mg/dl serum igg

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31
Q

Plasma

A

20-40mL/kg

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32
Q

Transition to ruminal digesting begins

A

3-4 weeks of age

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33
Q

Skin tent 2-5s

A

8-10% dehydrated
base deficit 15mmol/L
moderate

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34
Q

Skin tent 1-2s

A

dehydration 6-8%
base def 10mmol/l
mild

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35
Q

Skin tent 5-10s

A

12-12% dehydrated
BD 20mmol/l
severe

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36
Q

Grey or cyanotic MMs

A

severe hypoxia, circulatory collapse, hypovolemic shock, R-L shunt, severe pulmonary dz

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37
Q

Petechia on MMs

A

sepsis-induced vasculitis

type II BVD thrombocytopenia

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38
Q

oral erosions in calves

A

often BVD

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39
Q

ocular findings w sepsis

A

fibrin in anterior chamber of the eye, injected sclera

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40
Q

complex vertebral malformation in Holsteins

A

SLC35A3 gene

growth retardation, vertebral malformation, bilateral symmetric arthrogryposis of carpi and MCP

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41
Q

Causes of placentitis / dz in calves

A

brucellosis, salmonella, lepto, listeria, e coli, corynebacterium, and aspergillus

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42
Q

in utero infection of sheep causing dz in lambs

A

chlamydia, campylobacter, coxiella, blue tongue, border dz

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43
Q

Neonatal immune differences

A

depressed lymphocyte proliferation
decreased IL-2 activity
elevated cortisol

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44
Q

bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

inherited defect in Holsteins; recurrent or atypical infections

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45
Q

common pathogens on blood culture of calves

A

e coli, then kleb, salmonella, campylobacter, staph, strep

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46
Q

endotoxin in cattle

A

very sensitive to small amounts, cause pulmonary vasculature to respond, hypoxia, death from resp failure

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47
Q

drugs for septic calves

A

ceftiofur 2.2mg/kg, sodium ampicillin, florfenicol

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48
Q

meningitis in calves

A

often secondary to sepsis
hx of loss of suckle, lethargy, D+
fever, extended head and neck, abnormal mentation

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49
Q

hyponatremia tx

A

restore Na level to 125 in 6 hours, then correct to normal (>132)

mEq Na= (125-measured serum Na) x (.6 X BWkg)

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50
Q

hypernatremia

A

serum na > 160mEq/l (normal 130-142)

lethargy, depression, twitching facial muscles, muscle rigidity, tremors, myoclonus, seizure

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51
Q

correcting hypernatemia

A

SLOW

make fluids half the concentration of the calf, decrease slowly over several days to avoid cerebral edema

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52
Q

conditions causing hypernatremia

A

1-calf ingests too much sodium without enough water in a short time
2- sustained water deprivation

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53
Q

deficiency causing myodegeneration

A

white muscle disease, selenium, vit E

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54
Q

deficiency causing demyelination

A

copper, enzootic ataxia

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55
Q

enzootic ataxia

A

(swayback)
- lambs and kids
- progressive ataxia and paresis
- neonatal and delayed (14-30d) types
- low copper in liver and serum - impaired myelin production?
- may have microcytic anemia and bone fragility

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56
Q

caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) - neuro form

A
  • kids
  • progressive ataxia and paresis
  • mild to miderate fevers and cerebral signs (depression, head tilt, torticollis, circling)
  • detect on CSF, AGID or ELISA
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57
Q

severe hypoxia

A

PAO2 <35-40mmhg

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58
Q

ABG collection in calves

A

brachial artery proximomedial to elbow

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59
Q

necrotic laryngitis

A

fusobacterium necrophorum

  • weaned calves, occasionally infects neonates after trauma
  • dyspnea and stridor detected late when dz has become chronic and response to tx is poor
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60
Q

pneumonia calves <5d

A
  • most likely hematogenous, sepsis, or aspiration
  • CS: fever cough and discharge are NOT common
  • early broad spec abx
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61
Q

pneumonia calves 2wks - 6mos

A

bacterial
-fever, nasal discharge, ocular dc, cough, depression, inappetence, rough hair, expiratory effort, abdominal breathing effort

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62
Q

causes of bacterial calf pneumonia

A

manheimia hemolytic, pasturella multocida, m. bovis, m. dispar, salmonella dublin

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63
Q

rumen drinking

A

cause of bloat
-can occur from inadequate esophageal groove closure

  • anaerobic bacterial fermentation and lactic acidosis
  • calves refuse milk, have poor suckle, recurrent bloat, splashing on L abdomen, depressed, dehydrated, metabolic acidosis
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64
Q

ruminal bloat in calves

A
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65
Q

abomasal ulcers

A 
4 categories
1-non perforating
2-nonperf w severe bleeding
3-perforating
4-perf + peritonitis
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66
Q

abomasal bloat

A

syndrome of anorexia, bilateral abdominal distention, bloat, and sudden death

  • mild CS are D+, watery fluid in abomasum, depression
  • systemic acidosis
  • clostridia ???
  • need to evaluate farm feeding
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67
Q

most common cause of intestinal distention in first week of calves life

A

intestinal atresia - spiral loop of ascending colon

-progressive signs after birth

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68
Q

major calf diarrhea pathogens

A

rotavirus, cryptosporidia, coronavirus, ETEC

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69
Q

ETEC and salmonella diarrhea

A
  • secretory D
  • CAMP/CGMP/calmodulin and tyrosine kinase changes
  • affects cell membrane pumps
  • secrete Cl, K, bicarb
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70
Q

protozoa and viral diarrhea

A
  • destroy the absorptive villous epithelial cells

- secretion continues, absorption is impaired

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71
Q

causes of acidosis in diarrhea

A

fecal loss of bicarb
endogenous synthesis of L-lactic acid due to poor perfusion
bacterial fermentation of milk producing D-lactic acid

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72
Q

ETEC virulence factors

A
  • fimbriae (pili) (F5/F41)
  • enterotoxins (LT, STa, STb)

calves >2 days old acquire resistance to the F5 adhesion

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73
Q

ETEC strains in calf diarrhea

A

produce STa heat stable enterotoxin and the f5 antigen, plasmid mediated virulence factors

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74
Q

ETEC diarrhea

A

calves < 3 days old

  • colonizes distal SI first
  • intestinal crypt cell secretions increase
75
Q

ETEC treatment

A

oral electrolytes with acetate

76
Q

attaching and effacing E. coli - AEEC

A
  • can cause D+ in calves 1-3wks old
  • cytotoxic damage to intestinal mucosa
  • mucohemorrhagic colitis
77
Q

E. coli 0157:H7

A
  • hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans
  • cattle are a resevoir
78
Q

salmonella infection

A

can be in utero on endemic farms, or first 24 hours

-major complication Endotoxemia and dehydration

79
Q

s. dublin

A
  • adults are carriers

- disease in calves

80
Q

s. typhimurium

A
  • epidemic disease in all age groups

- severe inflammation of bowel mucosa, dysentery and passage of fibrin

81
Q

clostridial diarrhea in calves

A

not common!

-enteritis and abomasitis

82
Q

c. perfringens type A in calves

A

acute hemorrhagic abomasitis

83
Q

c. perfringens type C in calves

A
  • <10 days old
  • trypsin inhibitors attenuate the digestion of beta toxin
  • hemorrhagic, necrotic enteritis and enterotoxemia, abdominal pain, near signs
84
Q

viral diarrhea in calves

A
  • viruses multiply within enterocytes
  • destroys epithelial cells
  • villous atrophy
  • soft to watery D+
85
Q

most common cause of calf diarrhea

A

rotavirus

group A

86
Q

rotavirus

A
  • calves 5d-2wks
  • targets mature villous enterocytes – blunting
  • compensatory hyperplasia of crypt cells increases secretions
  • stimulate intestinal secretion by enteric nervous system
  • viral nonstructural protein NSP4 causes increases in intracellular calcium and inhibits the sodium glucose cotransporter.
  • Increased intracellular calcium inhibits the translocation of disaccharidases from the intracellular vesicles to the luminal surface, decreasing the ability to digest carbohydrates and contributing to maldigestion
87
Q

rotavirus group B

A

more common in lambs

88
Q

coronavirus D+ in calves

A

5 days - 1 month

  • oral or resp infection, infection persists and they can shed for weeks
  • mucohemorrhagic enterocolitis, more severe than rota
  • SI and LI, epithelial cells destroyed, stunted and fused villi
  • doesnt affect crypt cells
  • may also have rhinitis, sneezing, and coughing
89
Q

BVDV diarrhea

A
  • occasional D+ and thrombocytopenia in young calves (PIs)
  • necrotic enteritis in calves 7-12 weeks
  • usually just exacerbates other infections
  • oral lesions on palate, blunted buccal palillae
90
Q

bovine torovirus (breda virus)

A

calves <3 weeks

  • diarrhea as soon as 1-3 days old
  • mild to moderate D+
91
Q

cryptosporidium

A
  • parvum - preweaned calf diarrhea
  • andersoni - asympptomatic adults
  • bovis and ryanae - weaned calves, asymptomatic
92
Q

c. parvum D+

A

1-4 weeks of age, Dz lasts 4-14 days

  • distal SI
  • epithelial destruction and villous atrophy
  • remains extracytoplasmic
  • malabsorption
  • increased mucosal PG promotes crypt secretions
93
Q

crypto transmission

A
  • feco oral
  • ingesting a sporulated oocyst
  • autoinfection can occur within the intestine = huge burdens, relapses of dz
94
Q

major factor affecting environmental oocyst survival (Crypto)

A

temperature

can survive 12 weeks in water at 4C

95
Q

crypto in lambs

A

3-30 days

diarrhea

96
Q

giardiasis in calves

A

older than 2 weeks

-chronic infections lasting several months

97
Q

coccidia in cattle

A

Eimeria bovis and zuernii

98
Q

coccidia transmission

A
  • orofecal
  • UNsporulated oocysts are shed, then sporulate and become infective
  • can survive for several years
99
Q

coccidia D+

A
  • overcrowded conditions
  • calves 3wks - 6mos
  • D+, ill thrift, pneumonia, tenesmus, mucus in feces, hematochezia
100
Q

nutritional D+

A
  • not a thing

- pathogen can reduce ability to digest milk normally

101
Q

ETEC diagnosis

A
  • path: dilated loops of intestine, fluid filled, no enteritis
  • many tests for F5(K99) / immunoassays
102
Q

clostridial enteritis diagnosis

A

must have fresh necropsy

  • gram + bacilli in the mucosa, hemorrhagic enteritis
  • bacterial counts
103
Q

salmonella on path

A

fibrinous or fibrinonecrotic to ulcerative enteritis

-distal SI and proximal LI

104
Q

detecting rotavirus

A

RT-PCR

sensitive and specific

105
Q

bicarb replacement

A

mmol Bicarb = BWkg X (30-tCO2) X .6

mmol Bicarb = BWkg X Base deficit mol/l X .6

106
Q

normal calf acid base

A

pH=7.34
bicarb 30mmol/L
BE 5mmol/L

107
Q

oral electrolytes for calves

A

ideally 90-130mmol/L sodium

  • 40-80mEq/L Cl
  • 10-30mmol/L K
108
Q

alkalinizing agents

A

remove H ions during metabolism within cells

-lactate, acetate, gluconate, propionate, bicarbonate, citrate

109
Q

glutamine

A

promotes mucosal repair

110
Q

glycine

A

facilitates Na absorption in SI, aids rehydration

111
Q

abx tx for calf diarrhea

A

parenteral
-broad spec blactam:
amoxicillin, ampicillin, or TMS

112
Q

tx for crypto

A

halofuginone

113
Q

tx for coccidia

A

amprolium or sulfonamides

114
Q

most common pathogens in septic arthritis - calves

A

E. coli, salmonella,

  • less common staph and strep
  • t. pyogenies is common in older calves
115
Q

most common pathogens in septic arthritis - lambs

A

streps, coliforms, arcanobacterium, esysipelothrix, f. necrophorum

116
Q

polyarthritis

A

mycoplasma or chlamydia

-high fevers, resp dz, sometimes neuro signs

117
Q

cytology from septic joints

A

TP > 4.5g/dl
TNCC > 20,000cells/ul
polymorphonuclear cells > 80%

118
Q

anemia in calves

A

Hb<10g/dL

  • normocytic, normochromic, poikilocytic
  • secondary to iron deficiency
  • transfuse if PCV<14%
119
Q

PDA

A

continuous murmur over L heart base

  • pulmonary hypertension
  • large shunt can cause bounding pulses
  • enlarged heart on rads-
  • increased LA and LV diastolic dimension on echo, hyperdymanic septal motion
120
Q

VSD

A

large, harsh, holosystolic murmur loudest on R Cranial

-increased heart size, LA, dilated pulmonary vasculature

121
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A

systolic ejection murmur at L heart base

-cyanosis, weakness, fatigue, stunted growth

122
Q

60% of all pregnancies in the cow are in the

A

Right horn

123
Q

The primary predisposition to cervicovaginal prolapse in cattle is

A

Elevated plasma estrogen during late gestation

higher prevalence in certain beef breeds implies a genetic predisposition, with Bos indicus, Herefords, Charolais, Limousin, and Shorthorns affected more frequently than others

124
Q

Hydrallantoisis associated with

A

Disease of the uterus

125
Q

Hydramnios is associated with

A

Genetic or congenital defects of the fetus

126
Q

Rectal palpation findings in a case of fetal death

A

Reduced fremitus in the uterine arteries and increased uterine tone

127
Q

Normal HR of full term lambs

A

108-126

128
Q

Signs of fetal death

A

absence of fetal heartbeat = most specific

large quantities of echoic particles in uterine fluid

thickening of the uterine wall, increased echogenicity of chorioallantoic and amniotic fluid, altered fetal posture and definition, altered contour of the amnion, and reduced definition and ultimately reduced size of the caruncles.

129
Q

Normal HR of a full term calf

A

90-125

130
Q

What stimulates closure of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Increased O2 saturation - within 4-5 minutes of birth

131
Q

When does the foramen ovale functionally close?

A

Within 5-20 minutes; increased pulmonary venous return raises bp in the LAI reversing the R to L shunt

132
Q

Is AFC for heifers correlated with dystocia risk?

A

No- as long as they are fed and managed to achieve appropriate growth and stature

133
Q

Maternal bonding in sheep is mediated by

A

An olfactory mechanism

134
Q

CSF in meningitis

A

pleocytosis, xanthochromia, turbidity, and high total protein concentration, elevated albumin

Low glucose

Neutrophils = acute

Mononuclear = chronic

135
Q

Floppy kid Syndrome

A

Increased d-lactate

  • bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates in the GI tract of milk-fed calves.
  • Clinical signs of impaired CNS function, including ataxia and coma, in sick calves have been attributed at least partially to the increased D-lactate concentrations
  • treat with IV bicarb
136
Q

Nutritional myodegeneration

A

selenium or vitamin E deficiencies
localized (dysphagia) or generalized paresis

Neonatal small ruminants appear to be particularly susceptible. Affected lambs may be unable to rise; others can stand but may be unable to nurse because they are unable to raise their heads.

Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, increased serum creatine kinase concentration, and reduced whole blood glutathione peroxidase and/or selenium concentrations

137
Q

Enzootic ataxia

A 
"Swayback"
Progressive ataxia and paresis
Lambs and kids
2 kinds-
Neonatal = affected at birth
Delayed= 14-30 days

Low liver copper
Usually bright and eating

reduction in the activity of the copper-dependent enzyme cytochrome oxidase impairs phospholipid synthesis and subsequently myelin production. Microcytic anemia and increased fragility of bones may be observed in more chronic cases

138
Q

DDX for paresis in goat kids

A

CAEV and enzootic ataxia (low copper)

139
Q

Neurologic CAEV

A

mild to moderate fevers and evidence of cerebral involvement
depression, head tilt, torticollis, and circling

CSF pleocytosis and increased CSF protein and a positive CAEV AGID or ELISA test

Poor px

140
Q

Collapsed trachea

A

—rare congenital or acquired condition
—dynamic dorsoventral collapse of the trachea during inspiration, but no stenosis
—caudal cervical and cranial thoracic trachea in thoracic inlet are most frequently affected

Acquired tracheal collapse is commonly associated with fractured ribs and compression of the trachea at the thoracic inlet by the bony callus

Clinical signs include an intermittent honking cough, stridor, and dyspnea with mild exercise.

Treatment = sx, px = poor

141
Q

Most important risk factor for calf pneumonia

A

F.p.t.

142
Q

Protozoa and enteric viruses cause neonatal diarrhea as a result of the

A

destruction of the absorptive villous epithelial cells

143
Q

fluid is lost preferentially from the

A

vascular compartment

144
Q

causes of acidosis in diarrhea

A

fecal loss of bicarbonate

endogenous synthesis of L-lactic acid in response to dehydration and poor tissue perfusion

D-lactic acid production through bacterial fermentation of undigested or malabsorbed milk within the GI tract

145
Q

causes of placentitis in the cow and disease in the newborn calf

A

brucellosis, salmonellosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium spp., and Aspergillus spp

146
Q

in utero infection in sheep may cause disease in the newborn lamb

A

chlamydia, Campylobacter, Coxiella, bluetongue virus, and border disease

147
Q

severe endotoxemia frequently causes death due to

A

respiratory failure

148
Q

how can you increase the chances of isolating the bacteria on blood culture and to facilitate the interpretation of results if opportunistic or contaminating bacteria are found in one sample

A

take two samples one hour apart

149
Q

common Clin path findings in septic calves

A

hypoglycemia
metabolic acidosis
lactic acidosis as dz progresses

150
Q

most common agents of meningitis in calves

A

e. coli
enterobacter
salmonella

151
Q

what does increased albumin in CSF indicate

A

increased blood brain barrier permeability

152
Q

what does elevated IgG index in CSF indicate

A

intrathecal IgG production: meningitis

153
Q

severe hyponatremia

A

< 120 mol/L

154
Q

what is frequently indicated in vertebral body abscesses

A

truperella pyo.

from resp. infections

155
Q

cyanosis of congenital cardiac dz results from

A

right to left shunting

156
Q

mycoplasma otitis

A

cranial nerve (CN) 7 and 8 defcits, unilateral or bilateral ear droop, ptosis, epiphora, head tilt, and recumbency in severely affected calves

157
Q

H2 antagonists

A

reduce acid secretion of parietal cells by selective and competitive antagonism of histamine at H2 receptors on the parietal cell

158
Q

cimetidine / ranitidine

A

synthetic H2 antagonists that inhibit basal as well as pentagastrin and cholinergic-stimulated gastric acid secretion. Daily oral administration of cimetidine at 10 mg/kg for 30 days in veal calves was found to aid healing of abomasal ulcers

159
Q

what bacteria has been associated with abomasa bloat

A

C. perfringens type A

160
Q

most common cause of abdominal distention in calves in the first week of life

A

Intestinal Atresia

Typically, calves are born normally but develop progressive abdominal distention shortly after birth

The spiral loop of the ascending colon is usually the site of atresia

161
Q

hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans

A

Cattle are a major reservoir of STEC and EHEC, including E. coli O157:H7, which is the EHEC serotype

162
Q

In cattle, 95% of salmonella is associated with serogroups

A

B, C, D, E

163
Q

most important clostridia in calves

A

C. perf A

164
Q

acute hemorrhagic abomasitis

A

C. perf A

neonatal calves
acute abdominal distention, colic, depression, and sudden death

165
Q

enterotoxemia

A

C. perf A

beef calves 2-4months

166
Q

C. perf C

A

< 10 days

167
Q

most common cause of neonatal calf diarrhea

A

rotavirus

168
Q

Rotavirus

A
  • 5 days - 2 weeks, younger if no colostrum
  • Serogroup A most common
  • can survive in fresh water for more than 2 weeks at 23° C and for months in water or soil less than 5° C
  • Mature villous enterocytes of the small intestine are the main target for rotavirus. Infected enterocytes are rapidly shed and replaced with immature squamous and cuboidal cells from the crypts, resulting in villous blunting.
  • Intestinal secretions are increased due to the compensatory hyperplasia of crypt cells and enterotoxigenic activity of the viral nonstructural protein NSP4.
169
Q

main cause of DAIRY calf diarrhea

A

crypto parvum

170
Q

crypto

A

Calves generally become infected between 1 and 4 weeks of age and display clinical signs for 4 to 14 days. Animals of all ages can be infected, but diarrhea is mainly associated with calves preweaning.

The parasite invades the superficial cells of the mucosa in the intestine but is surrounded by an invagination of the host cell membrane and remains extracytoplasmic. Parasitic invasion of the mucosa leads to epithelial destruction and mild to moderate villous atrophy, with microvillous shortening and destruction. This leads to impaired nutrient digestion and transport and a resulting malabsorption diarrhea.

171
Q

transmission of crypto

A

feco-oral ingestion of an encysted, sporulated oocyst

The ability to autoinfect results in huge parasite burdens following very small infective dose

172
Q

coccidia vs. crypto

A

coccidia are passed out UNsporulated and are easier to destroy - high temps or dry conditions in the environment will kill them

173
Q

crypto is resistant to disinfectants except

A

5% ammonia, 6% hydrogen peroxide, 10% formalin, 2% cresolic disinfectants

174
Q

best susceptibility plan in a salmonella outbreak

A

Fecal samples from 10 calves; culture using enrichment media

175
Q

what will shift the Hgb saturation curve to the right

A

hypothermia, acidosis

will cause tissue hypoxia

176
Q

Environmental mastitis

A

Coliforms
Strep uberis
Strep dysgalactia

177
Q

Contagious mastitis

A

Strep agalactiae
Staph aureus
Mycoplasma

178
Q

Coli form mastitis

A

Abx maybe not needed

Milk out often

179
Q

Strep agalactiae

A

Responds to tx well

180
Q

Staph aureus

A

Poor response to tx
Impossible to clear infection
Should cull
Contagious

181
Q

Hyperosmotic sodium bicarbonate

A

— may also be used to rapidly resuscitate acidotic dehydrated calves
— base deficit can be corrected by administering 8.4% sodium bicarbonate intravenously at a rate of 1 mL/min/kg over 15 minutes

182
Q

normal calves have a venous blood pH of

A

7.34, bicarbonate of 30 mmol/L, and base excess of 5 mmol/L

183
Q

isotonic sodium bicarb

A

1.3%

156mmol/L

2. Smith and EIM (22 decks)

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