Smith 3 - Neonate / Ruminants Flashcards
Uterine torsion occurs mostly in
cattle - late first stage or early second stage labor
CS of uterine torsion
fever, tachycardia, tachypnoea, straining, anorexia, vaginal discharge
Most uterine torsions are to the
left. Uterus rolls to the non gravid horn. Usually 180-270 or 270-360 degrees
Elevated plasma estrogen concentration in late gestation cattle predisposes them to
cervicovaginal prolapse
Ringwomb
sporadic dystocia in sheep and goats
incomplete cervical dilation
tx is stretching or c section
early dilation syndrome
sheep - incomplete cervical dilation occurs 7-14 days pre term, sudden udder development overnight, lambs born alive but not viable
Hydrallantois / Hydrops Allantois
- RAPID progressive accumulation of allantoic fluid
- associated with placental dysfunction
- reduced placentomes, more villous
- allantoic Na and Cl concentrations rise and creat decreases
Hydramnios / Hydrops Amnii
- rare
- genetic or defective fetus
- placentomes ARE palpable PR
- pear shaped abdomen as fluid SLOWLY accumulates
- prognosis is way better for cows life and future fertility
Signs of fetal death
- no fetal HR
- large quantities of echoic particles in uterine fluids
- thickened uterine wall
- reduced fremitus in uterine arteries
- increased uterine tone
Estrone sulfate can diagnose pregnancy at
> 50 days in small ruminants
100 days in cattle (3.66ng/mL increases to 13.36 just before parturition)
decreases with fetal loss
The hypoxic uterine environment causes
pulmonary vessel constriction, dilation of the ductus arteriosis
___ favors right to left shunting
high pulmonary vascular resistance (due to hypoxia)
Dystocia accounts for ___% of stillbirths
40-60
Bovine colostrum contains __
45mg/dl immunoglobulin
1,000,000leukocytes/mL
IgG1 is transported by
transcytosis from blood endosomes to the polarized mammary epithelial cells
Colostrum is a good source of what mineral/
copper - not selenium or zinc
cows, sheep, and goats have a __ placenta
epitheliochorial
do not pass IG
What stimulates gut closure?
24-36 hrs total
growth factors, IGF-1, GH, and TGFb2
cause hyperplasia of intestinal epithelium and decrease the crypt tp villous ratio
What do colostral leukocytes do?
enhances antigen presenting capability, may transfer some cellular immunity
-frozen / pasteurized colostrum destroys the leucocytes
FPT in calves
<10mg/ml serum IgG at 24-48hrs old
serum TP <5g/dl
Lactoferrin
iron binding glycoprotein in colostrum, antimicrobial in neonatal GIT
Optimal colostrum
7.5-10% BW within 2 hours of birth
Feeding colostrum
- 2-3L for optimal absorption
- minimum 150g IgG within 6 hrs
- feed 5%BW again t 12hrs
When do calf serum IgG levels peak?
32 hours
Where do calves absorb IG?
whole length of SI
Where do lambs and kids absorb IG?
jejunum
How is IgG absorbed?
micropinocytosis, some receptor mediated endocytosis
Best method to give colostrum
<1.5L - nipple bottle
>1.5L - esophageal feeder
BRIX
22% = 50g/l (dairy - 18% in beef)
FPT in goats
<1200mg/dl serum igg
Plasma
20-40mL/kg
Transition to ruminal digesting begins
3-4 weeks of age
Skin tent 2-5s
8-10% dehydrated
base deficit 15mmol/L
moderate
Skin tent 1-2s
dehydration 6-8%
base def 10mmol/l
mild
Skin tent 5-10s
12-12% dehydrated
BD 20mmol/l
severe
Grey or cyanotic MMs
severe hypoxia, circulatory collapse, hypovolemic shock, R-L shunt, severe pulmonary dz
Petechia on MMs
sepsis-induced vasculitis
type II BVD thrombocytopenia
oral erosions in calves
often BVD
ocular findings w sepsis
fibrin in anterior chamber of the eye, injected sclera
complex vertebral malformation in Holsteins
SLC35A3 gene
growth retardation, vertebral malformation, bilateral symmetric arthrogryposis of carpi and MCP
Causes of placentitis / dz in calves
brucellosis, salmonella, lepto, listeria, e coli, corynebacterium, and aspergillus
in utero infection of sheep causing dz in lambs
chlamydia, campylobacter, coxiella, blue tongue, border dz
Neonatal immune differences
depressed lymphocyte proliferation
decreased IL-2 activity
elevated cortisol
bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency
inherited defect in Holsteins; recurrent or atypical infections
common pathogens on blood culture of calves
e coli, then kleb, salmonella, campylobacter, staph, strep
endotoxin in cattle
very sensitive to small amounts, cause pulmonary vasculature to respond, hypoxia, death from resp failure
drugs for septic calves
ceftiofur 2.2mg/kg, sodium ampicillin, florfenicol
meningitis in calves
often secondary to sepsis
hx of loss of suckle, lethargy, D+
fever, extended head and neck, abnormal mentation
hyponatremia tx
restore Na level to 125 in 6 hours, then correct to normal (>132)
mEq Na= (125-measured serum Na) x (.6 X BWkg)
hypernatremia
serum na > 160mEq/l (normal 130-142)
lethargy, depression, twitching facial muscles, muscle rigidity, tremors, myoclonus, seizure
correcting hypernatemia
SLOW
make fluids half the concentration of the calf, decrease slowly over several days to avoid cerebral edema
conditions causing hypernatremia
1-calf ingests too much sodium without enough water in a short time
2- sustained water deprivation
deficiency causing myodegeneration
white muscle disease, selenium, vit E
deficiency causing demyelination
copper, enzootic ataxia
enzootic ataxia
(swayback)
- lambs and kids
- progressive ataxia and paresis
- neonatal and delayed (14-30d) types
- low copper in liver and serum - impaired myelin production?
- may have microcytic anemia and bone fragility
caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) - neuro form
- kids
- progressive ataxia and paresis
- mild to miderate fevers and cerebral signs (depression, head tilt, torticollis, circling)
- detect on CSF, AGID or ELISA
severe hypoxia
PAO2 <35-40mmhg
ABG collection in calves
brachial artery proximomedial to elbow
necrotic laryngitis
fusobacterium necrophorum
- weaned calves, occasionally infects neonates after trauma
- dyspnea and stridor detected late when dz has become chronic and response to tx is poor
pneumonia calves <5d
- most likely hematogenous, sepsis, or aspiration
- CS: fever cough and discharge are NOT common
- early broad spec abx
pneumonia calves 2wks - 6mos
bacterial
-fever, nasal discharge, ocular dc, cough, depression, inappetence, rough hair, expiratory effort, abdominal breathing effort
causes of bacterial calf pneumonia
manheimia hemolytic, pasturella multocida, m. bovis, m. dispar, salmonella dublin
rumen drinking
cause of bloat
-can occur from inadequate esophageal groove closure
- anaerobic bacterial fermentation and lactic acidosis
- calves refuse milk, have poor suckle, recurrent bloat, splashing on L abdomen, depressed, dehydrated, metabolic acidosis
ruminal bloat in calves
abomasal ulcers
4 categories 1-non perforating 2-nonperf w severe bleeding 3-perforating 4-perf + peritonitis
abomasal bloat
syndrome of anorexia, bilateral abdominal distention, bloat, and sudden death
- mild CS are D+, watery fluid in abomasum, depression
- systemic acidosis
- clostridia ???
- need to evaluate farm feeding
most common cause of intestinal distention in first week of calves life
intestinal atresia - spiral loop of ascending colon
-progressive signs after birth
major calf diarrhea pathogens
rotavirus, cryptosporidia, coronavirus, ETEC
ETEC and salmonella diarrhea
- secretory D
- CAMP/CGMP/calmodulin and tyrosine kinase changes
- affects cell membrane pumps
- secrete Cl, K, bicarb
protozoa and viral diarrhea
- destroy the absorptive villous epithelial cells
- secretion continues, absorption is impaired
causes of acidosis in diarrhea
fecal loss of bicarb
endogenous synthesis of L-lactic acid due to poor perfusion
bacterial fermentation of milk producing D-lactic acid
ETEC virulence factors
- fimbriae (pili) (F5/F41)
- enterotoxins (LT, STa, STb)
calves >2 days old acquire resistance to the F5 adhesion
ETEC strains in calf diarrhea
produce STa heat stable enterotoxin and the f5 antigen, plasmid mediated virulence factors
ETEC diarrhea
calves < 3 days old
- colonizes distal SI first
- intestinal crypt cell secretions increase
ETEC treatment
oral electrolytes with acetate
attaching and effacing E. coli - AEEC
- can cause D+ in calves 1-3wks old
- cytotoxic damage to intestinal mucosa
- mucohemorrhagic colitis
E. coli 0157:H7
- hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans
- cattle are a resevoir
salmonella infection
can be in utero on endemic farms, or first 24 hours
-major complication Endotoxemia and dehydration
s. dublin
- adults are carriers
- disease in calves
s. typhimurium
- epidemic disease in all age groups
- severe inflammation of bowel mucosa, dysentery and passage of fibrin
clostridial diarrhea in calves
not common!
-enteritis and abomasitis
c. perfringens type A in calves
acute hemorrhagic abomasitis
c. perfringens type C in calves
- <10 days old
- trypsin inhibitors attenuate the digestion of beta toxin
- hemorrhagic, necrotic enteritis and enterotoxemia, abdominal pain, near signs
viral diarrhea in calves
- viruses multiply within enterocytes
- destroys epithelial cells
- villous atrophy
- soft to watery D+
most common cause of calf diarrhea
rotavirus
group A
rotavirus
- calves 5d-2wks
- targets mature villous enterocytes – blunting
- compensatory hyperplasia of crypt cells increases secretions
- stimulate intestinal secretion by enteric nervous system
- viral nonstructural protein NSP4 causes increases in intracellular calcium and inhibits the sodium glucose cotransporter.
- Increased intracellular calcium inhibits the translocation of disaccharidases from the intracellular vesicles to the luminal surface, decreasing the ability to digest carbohydrates and contributing to maldigestion
rotavirus group B
more common in lambs
coronavirus D+ in calves
5 days - 1 month
- oral or resp infection, infection persists and they can shed for weeks
- mucohemorrhagic enterocolitis, more severe than rota
- SI and LI, epithelial cells destroyed, stunted and fused villi
- doesnt affect crypt cells
- may also have rhinitis, sneezing, and coughing
BVDV diarrhea
- occasional D+ and thrombocytopenia in young calves (PIs)
- necrotic enteritis in calves 7-12 weeks
- usually just exacerbates other infections
- oral lesions on palate, blunted buccal palillae
bovine torovirus (breda virus)
calves <3 weeks
- diarrhea as soon as 1-3 days old
- mild to moderate D+
cryptosporidium
- parvum - preweaned calf diarrhea
- andersoni - asympptomatic adults
- bovis and ryanae - weaned calves, asymptomatic
c. parvum D+
1-4 weeks of age, Dz lasts 4-14 days
- distal SI
- epithelial destruction and villous atrophy
- remains extracytoplasmic
- malabsorption
- increased mucosal PG promotes crypt secretions
crypto transmission
- feco oral
- ingesting a sporulated oocyst
- autoinfection can occur within the intestine = huge burdens, relapses of dz
major factor affecting environmental oocyst survival (Crypto)
temperature
can survive 12 weeks in water at 4C
crypto in lambs
3-30 days
diarrhea
giardiasis in calves
older than 2 weeks
-chronic infections lasting several months
coccidia in cattle
Eimeria bovis and zuernii
coccidia transmission
- orofecal
- UNsporulated oocysts are shed, then sporulate and become infective
- can survive for several years
coccidia D+
- overcrowded conditions
- calves 3wks - 6mos
- D+, ill thrift, pneumonia, tenesmus, mucus in feces, hematochezia
nutritional D+
- not a thing
- pathogen can reduce ability to digest milk normally
ETEC diagnosis
- path: dilated loops of intestine, fluid filled, no enteritis
- many tests for F5(K99) / immunoassays
clostridial enteritis diagnosis
must have fresh necropsy
- gram + bacilli in the mucosa, hemorrhagic enteritis
- bacterial counts
salmonella on path
fibrinous or fibrinonecrotic to ulcerative enteritis
-distal SI and proximal LI
detecting rotavirus
RT-PCR
sensitive and specific
bicarb replacement
mmol Bicarb = BWkg X (30-tCO2) X .6
mmol Bicarb = BWkg X Base deficit mol/l X .6
normal calf acid base
pH=7.34
bicarb 30mmol/L
BE 5mmol/L
oral electrolytes for calves
ideally 90-130mmol/L sodium
- 40-80mEq/L Cl
- 10-30mmol/L K
alkalinizing agents
remove H ions during metabolism within cells
-lactate, acetate, gluconate, propionate, bicarbonate, citrate
glutamine
promotes mucosal repair
glycine
facilitates Na absorption in SI, aids rehydration
abx tx for calf diarrhea
parenteral
-broad spec blactam:
amoxicillin, ampicillin, or TMS
tx for crypto
halofuginone
tx for coccidia
amprolium or sulfonamides
most common pathogens in septic arthritis - calves
E. coli, salmonella,
- less common staph and strep
- t. pyogenies is common in older calves
most common pathogens in septic arthritis - lambs
streps, coliforms, arcanobacterium, esysipelothrix, f. necrophorum
polyarthritis
mycoplasma or chlamydia
-high fevers, resp dz, sometimes neuro signs
cytology from septic joints
TP > 4.5g/dl
TNCC > 20,000cells/ul
polymorphonuclear cells > 80%
anemia in calves
Hb<10g/dL
- normocytic, normochromic, poikilocytic
- secondary to iron deficiency
- transfuse if PCV<14%
PDA
continuous murmur over L heart base
- pulmonary hypertension
- large shunt can cause bounding pulses
- enlarged heart on rads-
- increased LA and LV diastolic dimension on echo, hyperdymanic septal motion
VSD
large, harsh, holosystolic murmur loudest on R Cranial
-increased heart size, LA, dilated pulmonary vasculature
Tetralogy of fallot
systolic ejection murmur at L heart base
-cyanosis, weakness, fatigue, stunted growth
60% of all pregnancies in the cow are in the
Right horn
The primary predisposition to cervicovaginal prolapse in cattle is
Elevated plasma estrogen during late gestation
higher prevalence in certain beef breeds implies a genetic predisposition, with Bos indicus, Herefords, Charolais, Limousin, and Shorthorns affected more frequently than others
Hydrallantoisis associated with
Disease of the uterus
Hydramnios is associated with
Genetic or congenital defects of the fetus
Rectal palpation findings in a case of fetal death
Reduced fremitus in the uterine arteries and increased uterine tone
Normal HR of full term lambs
108-126
Signs of fetal death
absence of fetal heartbeat = most specific
large quantities of echoic particles in uterine fluid
thickening of the uterine wall, increased echogenicity of chorioallantoic and amniotic fluid, altered fetal posture and definition, altered contour of the amnion, and reduced definition and ultimately reduced size of the caruncles.
Normal HR of a full term calf
90-125
What stimulates closure of the ductus arteriosus?
Increased O2 saturation - within 4-5 minutes of birth
When does the foramen ovale functionally close?
Within 5-20 minutes; increased pulmonary venous return raises bp in the LAI reversing the R to L shunt
Is AFC for heifers correlated with dystocia risk?
No- as long as they are fed and managed to achieve appropriate growth and stature
Maternal bonding in sheep is mediated by
An olfactory mechanism
CSF in meningitis
pleocytosis, xanthochromia, turbidity, and high total protein concentration, elevated albumin
Low glucose
Neutrophils = acute
Mononuclear = chronic
Floppy kid Syndrome
Increased d-lactate
- bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates in the GI tract of milk-fed calves.
- Clinical signs of impaired CNS function, including ataxia and coma, in sick calves have been attributed at least partially to the increased D-lactate concentrations
- treat with IV bicarb
Nutritional myodegeneration
selenium or vitamin E deficiencies
localized (dysphagia) or generalized paresis
Neonatal small ruminants appear to be particularly susceptible. Affected lambs may be unable to rise; others can stand but may be unable to nurse because they are unable to raise their heads.
Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, increased serum creatine kinase concentration, and reduced whole blood glutathione peroxidase and/or selenium concentrations
Enzootic ataxia
"Swayback" Progressive ataxia and paresis Lambs and kids 2 kinds- Neonatal = affected at birth Delayed= 14-30 days
Low liver copper
Usually bright and eating
reduction in the activity of the copper-dependent enzyme cytochrome oxidase impairs phospholipid synthesis and subsequently myelin production. Microcytic anemia and increased fragility of bones may be observed in more chronic cases
DDX for paresis in goat kids
CAEV and enzootic ataxia (low copper)
Neurologic CAEV
mild to moderate fevers and evidence of cerebral involvement
depression, head tilt, torticollis, and circling
CSF pleocytosis and increased CSF protein and a positive CAEV AGID or ELISA test
Poor px
Collapsed trachea
—rare congenital or acquired condition
—dynamic dorsoventral collapse of the trachea during inspiration, but no stenosis
—caudal cervical and cranial thoracic trachea in thoracic inlet are most frequently affected
Acquired tracheal collapse is commonly associated with fractured ribs and compression of the trachea at the thoracic inlet by the bony callus
Clinical signs include an intermittent honking cough, stridor, and dyspnea with mild exercise.
Treatment = sx, px = poor
Most important risk factor for calf pneumonia
F.p.t.
Protozoa and enteric viruses cause neonatal diarrhea as a result of the
destruction of the absorptive villous epithelial cells
fluid is lost preferentially from the
vascular compartment
causes of acidosis in diarrhea
fecal loss of bicarbonate
endogenous synthesis of L-lactic acid in response to dehydration and poor tissue perfusion
D-lactic acid production through bacterial fermentation of undigested or malabsorbed milk within the GI tract
causes of placentitis in the cow and disease in the newborn calf
brucellosis, salmonellosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium spp., and Aspergillus spp
in utero infection in sheep may cause disease in the newborn lamb
chlamydia, Campylobacter, Coxiella, bluetongue virus, and border disease
severe endotoxemia frequently causes death due to
respiratory failure
how can you increase the chances of isolating the bacteria on blood culture and to facilitate the interpretation of results if opportunistic or contaminating bacteria are found in one sample
take two samples one hour apart
common Clin path findings in septic calves
hypoglycemia
metabolic acidosis
lactic acidosis as dz progresses
most common agents of meningitis in calves
e. coli
enterobacter
salmonella
what does increased albumin in CSF indicate
increased blood brain barrier permeability
what does elevated IgG index in CSF indicate
intrathecal IgG production: meningitis
severe hyponatremia
< 120 mol/L
what is frequently indicated in vertebral body abscesses
truperella pyo.
from resp. infections
cyanosis of congenital cardiac dz results from
right to left shunting
mycoplasma otitis
cranial nerve (CN) 7 and 8 defcits, unilateral or bilateral ear droop, ptosis, epiphora, head tilt, and recumbency in severely affected calves
H2 antagonists
reduce acid secretion of parietal cells by selective and competitive antagonism of histamine at H2 receptors on the parietal cell
cimetidine / ranitidine
synthetic H2 antagonists that inhibit basal as well as pentagastrin and cholinergic-stimulated gastric acid secretion. Daily oral administration of cimetidine at 10 mg/kg for 30 days in veal calves was found to aid healing of abomasal ulcers
what bacteria has been associated with abomasa bloat
C. perfringens type A
most common cause of abdominal distention in calves in the first week of life
Intestinal Atresia
Typically, calves are born normally but develop progressive abdominal distention shortly after birth
The spiral loop of the ascending colon is usually the site of atresia
hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans
Cattle are a major reservoir of STEC and EHEC, including E. coli O157:H7, which is the EHEC serotype
In cattle, 95% of salmonella is associated with serogroups
B, C, D, E
most important clostridia in calves
C. perf A
acute hemorrhagic abomasitis
C. perf A
neonatal calves
acute abdominal distention, colic, depression, and sudden death
enterotoxemia
C. perf A
beef calves 2-4months
C. perf C
< 10 days
most common cause of neonatal calf diarrhea
rotavirus
Rotavirus
- 5 days - 2 weeks, younger if no colostrum
- Serogroup A most common
- can survive in fresh water for more than 2 weeks at 23° C and for months in water or soil less than 5° C
- Mature villous enterocytes of the small intestine are the main target for rotavirus. Infected enterocytes are rapidly shed and replaced with immature squamous and cuboidal cells from the crypts, resulting in villous blunting.
- Intestinal secretions are increased due to the compensatory hyperplasia of crypt cells and enterotoxigenic activity of the viral nonstructural protein NSP4.
main cause of DAIRY calf diarrhea
crypto parvum
crypto
Calves generally become infected between 1 and 4 weeks of age and display clinical signs for 4 to 14 days. Animals of all ages can be infected, but diarrhea is mainly associated with calves preweaning.
The parasite invades the superficial cells of the mucosa in the intestine but is surrounded by an invagination of the host cell membrane and remains extracytoplasmic. Parasitic invasion of the mucosa leads to epithelial destruction and mild to moderate villous atrophy, with microvillous shortening and destruction. This leads to impaired nutrient digestion and transport and a resulting malabsorption diarrhea.
transmission of crypto
feco-oral ingestion of an encysted, sporulated oocyst
The ability to autoinfect results in huge parasite burdens following very small infective dose
coccidia vs. crypto
coccidia are passed out UNsporulated and are easier to destroy - high temps or dry conditions in the environment will kill them
crypto is resistant to disinfectants except
5% ammonia, 6% hydrogen peroxide, 10% formalin, 2% cresolic disinfectants
best susceptibility plan in a salmonella outbreak
Fecal samples from 10 calves; culture using enrichment media
what will shift the Hgb saturation curve to the right
hypothermia, acidosis
will cause tissue hypoxia
Environmental mastitis
Coliforms
Strep uberis
Strep dysgalactia
Contagious mastitis
Strep agalactiae
Staph aureus
Mycoplasma
Coli form mastitis
Abx maybe not needed
Milk out often
Strep agalactiae
Responds to tx well
Staph aureus
Poor response to tx
Impossible to clear infection
Should cull
Contagious
Hyperosmotic sodium bicarbonate
— may also be used to rapidly resuscitate acidotic dehydrated calves
— base deficit can be corrected by administering 8.4% sodium bicarbonate intravenously at a rate of 1 mL/min/kg over 15 minutes
normal calves have a venous blood pH of
7.34, bicarbonate of 30 mmol/L, and base excess of 5 mmol/L
isotonic sodium bicarb
1.3%
156mmol/L
