- cattle, horses, rarely sheep - vesicles -> large ulcers, tongue involved - teats and feet too

- sheep, rarely goats or cattle - large oral ulcers, esp dental pad and tongue, + gen vasculitis - coronitis, muscle degeneration, lameness, pulmonary edema, face and ear edema

Smith 2 - Manifestations of Dz Flashcards by Jessica Rutledge

Most likely cause of epistaxis in cattle

CVCT - caudal vena cava thrombosis

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CVCT

culminates in rupture of pulmonary artery aneurysm into a bronchus

tachypnea, lethargy, painful cough, melena, anemia –> red foamy d/c, severe resp distress

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Toxic Causes of Epistaxis in Ruminants

mercury, arsenic, warfarin, diphacinone, furazolidone, trichloroethylene-extracted feed, oak/acorn, bracken fern, moldy sweet clover, phytogenous selenium, oxalate, stachybotryotoxicosis, mycotoxicosis

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Toxic Causes of Epistaxis in Horses

arsenic, warfarin, dicoumarol, stachybotrys, plants, moldy sweet clover, PA, fiddle neck, tansy ragwort

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Toxic Causes of Cough in Horses

crofton weed, a-naphthyl thiourea, pentachlorophenol, organophosphate, carbamate

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Common Causes of Cough in Ruminants

mannheimia hemolytica / pasturella multocida
shipping fever, enzootic calf pneumonia
histophilus somni pneumonia
lungworm
chronic abscesses - arcanobacterium pyogenes
IBR, BHV-1
BRSV
parainfluenza virus 3
mycoplasma pneumonia
necrotic laryngitis / calf diphtheria

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Toxic Causes of Cough in Ruminants

organophosphate, carbamate, mercury, iodine, insect fogging, levamisole (O/C), nitrogen dioxide, hairy vetch, sneeze weed, aflatoxins (C)

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Drugs that cause increased temp

penicillins, sulfonamides, erythromycin, antihistamines, procainamide, quinidine, amphotericin b

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Toxins causing increased temp in the horse

cantharidin, selenium, arsenic, mercury, chlorinated hydrocarbons, dinitrophenol, propylene glycol, trichloroethylene extracted feed

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Plant Toxins causing increased temp in the Horse

PA, algae, castor bean, water hemlock, jimsyn weed, mycotoxins

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Toxins causing increased temp in Ruminants

Arsenic, selenium, mercury, zinc, oil, kerosine, chlorinated hydrocarbons, iodine, paraquat, dinitrophenol, propylene glycol, trichloroethylene extracted feed, halothane

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Plant Toxins causing increased temp in Ruminants

fescue, ergot, PA, algae, brassica, bracken fern, castor bean, water hemlock, milkweed, buttercup, rhododendron, gossypol, jimsyn weed

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Infectious causes of Fever in the Horse

URT virus, strangles, pneumonia, GI parasites, enteritis, salmonella, PHF, DPJ, Endotoxemia, septicemia, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, tracheal. abscess, peritonitis, tetanus, cellulitis / tenosynovitis, occult abscess, tumors

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Infectious causes of fever in Ruminants

mastitis, metritis, pneumonia, hardware, peritonitis, septic neonate, GI toxemia, enteritis, abscesses, endocarditis, listeria, tetanus, BVD, foot rot, otitis media or interna, clostridial infections, histophilus somni, mycoplasma, m. Bovis, verminous pneumonia

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Neoplastic causes of fever

ALL: lymphosarsoma
Horses: metastatic melanoma, SCC, fibrosarcoma

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Causes of hemoptysis in ruminants

CVCT, aspiration pneumonia, pharyngeal/retrop abscess or trauma, thoracic trauma, FB, pulmonary aspergilliosis

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Cyanosis

Hb saturation <80%
PaO2 usually <40mmhg
must have adequate Hb concentration

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Causes of increased capillary permeability

trauma, infection, Endotoxemia, hypersensitivity vasculitis

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Causes of increased hydrostatic pressure

CHF, venous thrombosis, liver dz obstructing portal vein, lymphadenopathy, cranial mediastinal mass, limb immobilization

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Causes of enlarged LNs in ruminants

Caseous lymphadenitis - corynebacterium pt
Lymphosarcoma - bovine leukosis virus
Abscess / cellulitis

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Causes of melena in Ruminants

abomasal ulcer, intussusception

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cattle, horses, rarely sheep
vesicles -> large ulcers, tongue involved
teats and feet too

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Bluetongue

sheep, rarely goats or cattle
large oral ulcers, esp dental pad and tongue, + gen vasculitis
coronitis, muscle degeneration, lameness, pulmonary edema, face and ear edema

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Contagious Ecthyma (Orf)

sheep, goats
proliferative scabby lesion on lips, fleshy growth on gums
can be on dams teats

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Bovine papular stomatitis

- round, dark red, raised papule on muzzle and hard palate | - sometimes esophagus

Foot-and-mouth

- Cattle, sheep, goats - vesicles -> large ulcers - teats and coronary bands

BVD/MD

- ulcers on hard palate, erosive stomatitis | - skin lesions, corneal edema, enlarged LNs, pneumonia, esophageal lesions, diarrhea

MCF - malignant catarrhal fever

- cattle and bison - erosive stomatitis with ulcers, gen vasculitis - purulent nasal discharge, corneal edema, enlarged LNs, cracking skin, CNS signs, severe D+, high fever

Pestes des Petits ruminants (PPR)

- sheep and goats - erosive stomatitis - severe D+, purulent ocular and nasal d/c

Alimentary IBR

- calves - gray pinpoint pustules on soft palate and nares - MINIMAL oral lesions - rhinotracheitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia

Icterus in Ruminants - Liver

PA, aflatoxicosis, fatty liver / fat cow syndrome

Hemolytic Icterus in Ruminants

Lepto, anaplasmosis, bacillary hemoglobinuria, piroplasmosis, babesiosis anaplas = RBCs in cattle but neutrophils in horses!

Lesion Location - Ataxia

spinocerebellar tracts, spinal cord, brainstem, vestibular, cerebellum

Lesion Location - conscious proprioceptive deficit

fasiculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and connections, spinal cord, brainstem, forebrain

Lesion Location - knuckling

usually LMN, ventral horn gray matter, SC can be UMN, SC, brainstem

Lesion Location - abduction or adduction

spinocerebellar tracts, SC, brainstem, cerebellum

Lesion Location - hypermetria

cerebellum, cerebellar peduncles, spinocerebellar tracts

Lesion Location - circling

forebrain, vestibular nuclei, cerebellum

Lesion Location - paraplegia

UMN T2-S2 | LMN L3-S2

Lesion Location - hemiplegia

ipsilateral brainstem or SC, cranial to T3

Lesion Location - coma

ARAS, diffuse forebrain

Lesion Location - obtunded

ARAS, forebrain

Lesion Location - seizures

forebrain

Lesion Location - Head pressing, compulsive walking

forebrain

Lesion Location - hyper/hypophagia

hypothalamus

Lesion Location - stiff neck

meninges or C spine

Lesion Location - head tilt

vestibular nuclei and medulla, cerebellum

Lesion Location - head tremor

cerebellum, basalganglia

Lesion Location - blindness

cerebral cortex, internal capsule, optic tracts, optic chasm, optic nerve, eye

Lesion Location - mydriasis

oculomotor nerve, midbrain, optic nerve, eye

Lesion Location - miosis

vagosympathetic trunk, ciliary ganglia, tectum, brainstem, C spinal cord

Lesion Location - ptosis

facial n, vagosympathetic trunk, cranial cervical ganglion, midbrain, oculomotor nerve, C C,

Lesion Location - ventrolateral strabismus

cerebellum, vestibular nucleus, oculomotor nerve

Lesion Location - dorsomedial strabismus

trochlear nerve

Lesion Location - medial strabismus

abducent nerve

Lesion Location - horizontal nystagmus

Nerve VIII (peripheral)

Lesion Location - vertical nystagmus

vestibular nuclei, peripheral vestibular receptor, cerebellum, vestibulocochlear nerve

Lesion Location - jaw drop

trigeminal motor nucelus (pons), trigem

Lesion Location - flaccid tongue

hypoglossal nucleus (medulla), hypoglossal n, lingual m

Lesion Location - facial paralysis

facial nucleus (medulla), facial n. or muscles

Lesion Location - facial analgesia

sensory trigeminal n, pons, forebrain

Lesion Location - dry eye

cranial nerve VII

Neurologic signs of copper deficiency

demyelination, pathologic vertebral fractures | -ataxia, recumbency

Neurologic signs of Vit E deficiency

demyelination | -ataxia, recumbency

Neurologic signs of Vit A deficiency

encephalopathy, convulsions, blindness

Neurologic signs of Mg deficiency

grass tetany, transport tetany, milk tremors | -convulsions, tremors, ataxia

Neurologic signs of K deficiency

weakness, postpartum recumbency

Neurologic signs of Ca or P deficiency

milk fever, pathologic vertebral fractures, tetany | -weakness, ataxia, recumbency

Neurologic signs of Vit E / selenium deficiency

nutritional myodegeneration | -weakness, ataxia, recumbency, sudden death

UMNs

UMNs are nerve cells completely within the CNS, cell bodies in the brain and axons that terminate in the brain or SC

Signs of UMN diseases

normal to increased spinal reflexes, variable weakness, variable increased m tone or spasticity

Signs of LMN diseases

decreased spinal reflexes, ataxia, mod to severe weakness, flaccid muscle tone, rapid atrophy of denervated muscles

Signs of dysfunction - CN I

loss of smell

Signs of dysfunction - CN II

blindness

Signs of dysfunction - CN III

ventrolateral strabismus, ptosis, dilated non responsive pupil

Signs of dysfunction - CN IV

dorsomedial strabismus

Signs of dysfunction - CN V

dropped or deviated jaw, loss of sensation to head and face

Signs of dysfunction - CN VI

medial strabismus

Signs of dysfunction - CN VII

facial paralysis, loss of taste rostral 2/3 tongue, decreased tear and saliva production

Signs of dysfunction - CN VIII

deafness, vestibular signs

Signs of dysfunction - CN IX, X, XI

dysphagia, laryngeal paralysis

Signs of dysfunction - CN XII

tongue paralysis

Pain hypersensitivity

manifests as hyperalgesia (exaggerated responses to painful stimuli) and allodynia (pain resulting from normally innocuous stimuli