EIM 8 Resp Flashcards
SURFACTANT PROTEINS SP-A AND SP-D ARE:
A) antimicrobial
B) hydrophilic
C) Belong to the collectin family
D) Provide innate defense
All!
Macrophage activation, facilitation of chemotaxis, enhance respiratory burst, inflam cytokine expression, resolve pulmonary inflammation
WHERE ARE MYCOTIC PLAQUES MOST LIKELY TO FORM?
roof of the medial compartment - internal carotid artery
lateral wall of the lateral compartment - external carotid
MOST CASES OF PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA RESPOND WELL TO:
reduced activity, topical and systemic antiinflammatory therapy
In what breed has heritability of severe Equine Asthma (RAO) been demonstrated?
Warmbloods
In what region of the United States does summer pasture associated recurrent airway obstruction occur (with pollen)?
Southeast
How an you differentiate fibrosis/restrictive pulmonary disease from RAO on clinical exam?
Fibrosis/restrictive pulmonary disease is characterized by inspiratory distress;
RAO by expiratory distress
Although triamcinolone (0.09 mg/kg IM) can relieve lower airway obstruction for up to 4 weeks, what are the downsides?
Adrenal suppression for 4 weeks
Hyperglycemia for 4 days
Hypertriglyceridemia for 4 days
How long does adrenal suppression with systemic dexamethasone administration last?
3 days
Which is more potent to reduce inflammation of BALF cytology?
IV dex > oral pred
What makes fluticasone an ideal drug for treating RAO?
Very lipophilic
Low oral bioavailability
Extensive first pass metabolism
Which of the following classes of drugs are most effective for bronchodilator therapy?
Parasympatholytic
Beta2-agonists
Where is the predominant area of hemorrhage in horse with EIPH?
Caudodorsal
What percentage of racing Thoroughbreds have blood within the trachea when scoped within 2 hours of racing?
43-75%
What is the overall prevalence of EIPH believed to be in Thoroughbred racehorses when the horses are repeatedly examined?
85%
What is the prevalence of EIPH in the general population?
10-70%
What two things occur during exercise in horses to induce the capillary stress failure of EIPH?
High pulmonary capillary pressure
low inspiratory alveolar pressures
In what percentage of racehorses with EIPH is epistaxis observed?
5%
in more severe cases
Which correlates the best with EIPH severity?
Hemosiderin score (cytoplasmic calculation of iron in alveolar macs)
DDSP
expiratory noise
prevalence 10-20% in race horses
RLN
inspiratory noise
more prevalent in drafts
What is the cause of epiglottic entrapment?
A: idiopathic / not entirely understood
B: congenital epiglottic hypoplasia
C: inflammation of URT structures
Arytenoid chondritis
infectious process, broad-spectrum antibiotics rarely curative
which type influenza infects horses?
Type A – H3N8 (equine – 2 – influenza)
Foals infected with EHV-1 in-utero are
unlikely to survive despite appropriate intensive care
Treatment of pulmonary hypertension in horses with EMPF:
sildenafil with furosemide
The etiology of NERDS is
Failure of final fetal pulmonary surfactant metabolism maturation
What are the core criteria of Eq NALI / NARDS
- Acute onset (<72 hours) of tachypnea and labored breathing at rest
- Presence of known risk factors
- Evidence of pulmonary capillary leak without increased pulmonary capillary pressure
- Evidence of inefficient gas exchange
EqNALI: <300mmHg
EqNARDS: <200mmHg
*5. Evidence of diffuse pulmonary inflammation - while this is recommended, it is optional
Which of the following provides the BEST evidence for persistent pulmonary hypertension?
a) Progressive refractory hypercapnic hypoxemia
b) Right to left shunting without evidence of congenital cardiac abnormalities
c) Failure of PaO2 to significantly increase after starting IN O2 therapy
d) Identification of pulmonary disease on ultrasonography
C
Transient tachypnea of the neonate is thought to be due to…
Immature thermoregulatory mechanisms
typically occurs in hot environments to gestationally mature animals; often also exhibit intermittent hyperthermia; care is supportive; need to rule out other causes of disease
EqNALI/EqNARDS
specifically refer to the subset of ALI/ARDS that occur in foals in the first week of life; differentiated due to changes in efficiency of gas exchange during this period
