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2. Smith and EIM > Smith 5 - Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Smith 5 - Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

ASD is more common in

A

calves

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2
Q

VSD location

A
  • mostly in the perimembranous septum
  • just ventral to aortic valve
  • <2.5cm
  • seen on LVOT echo
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3
Q

loud, harsh, plateau shaped pan systolic murmur, PMI tricuspid area (R)

+ softer crescendo-descrendo holosystolic murmur in pulmonic area (L)

A

VSD murmur

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4
Q

crescendo-decrescendo shaped, low to moderate intensity, non radiating murmur PMI L heart base

A

innocent flow murmur

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5
Q

VSD shunt

A

L ventricle to R ventricle

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6
Q

continuous machinery murmur loudest in L ICS 3-4 at POS

A

PDA

- OR aortocardiac fistula in adult onset

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7
Q

PDA occurs in

A

foals - should close by 96 hrs

calves - very rare

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8
Q

major risk with PDA

A

pulmonary artery dilatation and rupture

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9
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A
  • overriding aorta
  • VSD
  • obstruction of pulmonary flow (p stenosis)
  • RV hypertrophy
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10
Q

how does tetralogy occur

A

abnormal development of the conal septum, pulmonic stenosis, septum can’t close (VSD)

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11
Q

loud pan systolic murmur w/ palpable thrill loudest in L ICS 3-4
+ band shaped tricuspid murmur

A

Tetralogy

-will be crescendo-dec (pulmonic Sten) or harsh plateau shaped (VSD)

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12
Q

holosystolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur at L heart base in a calf

A

ASD - patent formen ovale

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13
Q

persistent truncus arteriosus

A

one arterial vessel leaves the heart above a VSD; coronary and pulmonary aa.s and aorta arise from this

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14
Q

pseudotruncus arteriosis

A

pulmonary blood supply comes from bronchial arteries or a PDA

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15
Q

most common aortic anomaly in calves / foals

A

dextropositioning or transposition

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16
Q

heart located in the cervical region

A

ectopia cordis cervicalis

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17
Q

most common bacteria in endocarditis

A

strep, pasturella, actinobacillus, truperella pyogenes

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18
Q

murmur PMI L base ICS 4

holosystolic musical de-crescendo

A

aortic valve

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19
Q

murmur PMI L base ICS 3

A

pulmonic

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20
Q

tricuspid murmur

A

R ICS 3-4= horse

R ICS 2-3 = cattle

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21
Q

widely radiating musical murmur with honking quality

A

major mitral valve ruptured chordae tendinae

  • respiratory distress!!
  • acute CV collapse, pulmonary edema
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22
Q

crescendo mid-systolic to late-sys or holo-sys murmur with PMI over the mitral valve in a horse

A

MV prolapse

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23
Q

signs of MR on echo

A

increase LA and LV dimensions, rounded LV apex, pattern of L volume overload

  • increased FS
  • decreased contractility
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24
Q

lesions associated with triscupid regurg

A

cattle - bacterial endocarditis

horses - none

25
Q

effect of lung dysfunction on the heart - pulmonary hypertension, RV hypertrophy / dilation / failure

A

cor pulmonale

26
Q

primary cause of cor pulmonale in cattle

A

high mountain disease / brisket disease

-hypoxic vasoconstriction due to altitude

27
Q

brisket disease

A
  • hypoxic vasoconstriction due to altitude >6000 feet
  • increased pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary hypertension
  • R sided pressure overload
  • jug vein distention and subcut edema
  • calves and yearlings moved from low to high altitude
  • fall and winter
28
Q

PAP and HMD

A

PAP >49 at any elevation = greatest risk

PAP <35 at 5000 feet = good to breed

29
Q

bacterial causes of myocarditis

A

staph aureus, strep equi, clostridium chauvoei, mycobacteria

30
Q

viral causes of myocarditis

A

foot-and-mouth, EIA, EVA, e. flu, African horse sickness

31
Q

nutritional causes of DCM

A

Vit E, selenium, or copper deficiency

32
Q

CS of pericarditis

A

peripheral edema, jug distention and pulsations, tachypnoea or dyspnoea

  • tachycardia
  • muffled heart sounds + absent ventral lung sounds
33
Q

ECG changes: decreased QRS amplitude, electrical alternans, ST segment elevation

A

pericarditis

34
Q

eastern tent caterpillars

A

MRLS - also cause constrictive / fibrinous pericarditis

35
Q

most common primary cardiac tumor

A

lymphosarcoma - right atrial myocardium in cattle, TR occurs

-die within 6 months

36
Q

aortopulmonary fistulas and thoracic aortic rupture occur in what breed

A

Friesians - connective tissue disorder of the collagen or elastin?

37
Q

spontaneous thromboembolism in horses

A
  • parasites

- aorta, cranial mesenteric arteries

38
Q

causes of arteriosclerosis in cattle

A
  • excess VitD3 supplementation

- calcinogenic plants: solanum malacoxylon, centrum diurnal, or trisetum flavecens

39
Q

cause of arteriosclerosis in horses

A

strongylus vulgaris

40
Q

cattle usually have AF associated with

A
  • GI disease

- have APCs

41
Q

common cause of paroxysmal AF in horses

A

furosemide –> K depletion

42
Q

murmurs >3/6 are present in __% AF cases

A

less than 50% in horses, even less in cattle

43
Q

how to differentiate AF from sinus arrhythmia or second degree AV block

A

AF = no fourth heart sound audible

44
Q

signs with V tach

A

jugular pulses + “bruit de cannon”

45
Q

diagnosing myocardial injury

A

cTnI

CK- MB fraction >5%

46
Q

diagnosing VT on ECG

A

4 or more VPCs

wide and bizarre QRSs

47
Q

ECG findings with life threatening VT

A
  • multifocal origin for VPCs
  • torsades de pointes (Wide VT)
  • “R on R” - r wave superimposed on the previous t
48
Q

polycythemia and tetralogy

A

uncommon in foals and calves

49
Q

common congenital cause of cyanosis

A

tetralogy

50
Q

ASD is frequently

A

asymptomatic

51
Q

most common valvular dz in the horse

A

aortic regurg with degenerative changes

52
Q

most common valvular dz in cattle

A

pulmonic regurg with endocarditis

53
Q

widely radiating murmur with a distinctive honking quality

A

major mitral valve chordal rupture

54
Q

Severe aortic and mitral valve regurgitation can eventually cause

A

venous pulmonary hypertension.

55
Q

effusive pericarditis

A

Consequences associated with physical presence of fluid

Removal of pericardial fluid is beneficial

56
Q

constrictive pericarditis

A

Reduction in ventricular compliance due to fibrinous or fibrotic involvement of the pericardium or epicardium

Removal of pericardial fluid is of limited benefit

57
Q

paroxysmal AF

A

converts to normal sinus in 24-42 hours on its own

58
Q

the most common VSD location is

A

perimembranous located ventral to the tricuspid leaflet, and below the junction of the right and noncoronary cusps of the aortic valve

59
Q

the most common congenital heart defect in horses is

A

VSD

2. Smith and EIM (22 decks)

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