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2. Smith and EIM > Smith 3 - Neonate / Foals > Flashcards

Smith 3 - Neonate / Foals Flashcards

1
Q

What regulates contractile properties of the uterine myometrium?

A

estrogens

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2
Q

When does equine fetal HR peak?

A

3 months gestation, 196bpm

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3
Q

What is the fetal response to hypoxia?

A

bradycardia and decreased movement

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4
Q

CTUP

A

combined thickness of utero-placental unit

should be 8-15mm

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5
Q

Most common cause of placentitis in the horse?

A

ascending infection via a relaxing cervix

strep zoo, e coli, enterobacter, kleb, pseudomonas

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6
Q

CS of placentitis

A

vaginal discharge, premature udder development, precocious lactation

fever NOT common

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7
Q

Tx of placentitis

A 
Kpen/gent or TMS or ceftiofur
pentoxy
flunixin
altrenogest
DMSO
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8
Q

Foal CPR

A

breaths - 10/min
compressions - 100-120/min
epi - .5-1ml (1mg/mL)

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9
Q

PAS / HIE / NE effects

A

most affected = nervous

second most = renal

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10
Q

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

A

intestinal coagulative necrosis, bacterial overgrowth, pneumatosis intestinalis, marked inflammatory response

birth hypoxia + clostridial infection?

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11
Q

Foal ADG

A

1.5kg/day

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12
Q

Foal incisor eruption

A

6d / 6wks / 6mos

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13
Q

PDA

A

continuous machinery murmur with a point of max intensity over the L heart base, 3rd ICS

  • systolic component often remains as it starts to close
  • disappear by day 3-4
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14
Q

BRIX

A

1) 0-15%, 0-28gm/L IgG = POOR
2) 15-20%, 28-50gm/L = borderline
3) 20-30%, 50-80 = adequate
4) >30%, >80 = V GOOD

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15
Q

Replacement K (mEq)

A

0.4 X BW kg x K deficit in mEq

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16
Q

Bicarb deficit (mEq)

A

0.6 X BW kg X Base deficit (mEq)

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17
Q

Drug effects in neonates

A
  • better absorption from GI
  • less plasma protein binding
  • increased distribution in ECF
  • increased BBB permeability
  • longer half life / slow elimination
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18
Q

Foal E requirement

A

125-150 kcal/kg/day

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19
Q

Sepsis due to ascending infection

A

Foals have accelerated maturity, so they are more likely to be septic but also to survive

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20
Q

S type osteomyelitis

A

synovial

bacterial infection of the synovial membrane with no radiographic changes

  • joint effusion and ST swelling
  • first 2 weeks of life
  • carpus, stifle, hock
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21
Q

E type osteomyelitis

A

epiphyseal

infection extends to subchondral bone

  • 3-4 weeks of age
  • femoral condyles, distal radius, distal tibia, or patella
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22
Q

P type osteomyelitis

A

physeal

physis on the metaphyseal side of the growth plate

  • 1-12 weeks of age
  • distal radius/tibia, distal metacarpi/tarsi
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23
Q

T type osteomelitis

A

tarsal - cuboidal bones of tarsus or carpus

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24
Q

Common joint pathogens in foals

A

e coli, salmonella, actinobacillus, klebsiella, strep, rhodococcus

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25
Causes of seizures in foals
NE | bacterial meningitis, viral encephalitis, ...
26
Incidence of NE
1-2% of all births
27
HI Insult: Primary Phase
increased extracellular glutamate, membrane depolarization, increased intracellular calcium, intracellular sodium influx
28
HIE Insult: Secondary Phase
acute inflammation, excitotoxicity, increased intracellular calcium, increased reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
29
Hypoxia and glutamate
impairs normal function of astroglial glutamate transporters in the synaptic cleft --> accumulation instead of reuptake --> opening of ion channels, excess calcium influx = excitotixicity, apoptosis and necrosis
30
Why is the neonatal brain prone to oxidative injury
high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids high rate of oxygen consumption low concentration of antioxidants
31
Tx for bacterial meningitis in foals
3rd gen cephalosporins - cefotaxime, ceftriaxone | excellent CNS penetration
32
Benign Juvenile Epilepsy
arabian foals - 2d-6mos - seizures, obtundation and transient blindness - normal between episodes - cessation by 12 months
33
Kernicterus
NI complication where bilirubin-IXa is deposited in the brain. CS: icteric MMs, seizures difficult to control, altered mentation
34
dysmaturity
there has been intrauterine growth retardation | -low birth weight
35
prematurity
gestational period shorter than usual | -low weight, small body size, short shiny hair coat, rounded head, droopy ears, laxity
36
fescue toxicity
neotyphodium coenophialum prolonged gestation, perinatal mortality, agalactia
37
11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
converts excess biologically active cortisol into inactive cortisone in the placenta to reduce exposure to the fetus
38
Bloodwork with HPA axis maturity
normal or elevated neutrophil count, N:L ratio, or WBCC = positive indicators of survival -- neutropenia ddx sepsis
39
Inadequate HPA axis maturation: CS
after 12-18 hours, onset of weakness, depression, seizures, resp failure, feed intolerance, cardiovascular collapse, lactate elevation, mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis
40
Low dose dopamine
.5-5ug/kg/min agonises dopaminergic receptors renotubular effects, vasodilation of coronary and intestinal vasculature
41
Moderate dose dopamine
4-10ug/kg/min | stimulate B1-adrenergic receptors, chronotropy
42
High dose dopamine
>10ug/kg/min | agonism of a1-adrenergic receptors, widespread vasoconstriction
43
Dobutamine
3-20ug/kg/min | acts on B1 adrenoceptors to improve myocardial contractility without vasoconstriction
44
ABG site in foals
dorsal metatarsal artery
45
Causes of laryngeal paralysis in foals
nutritional myodegeneration, HYPP, botulism
46
Tracheal Collapse
miniatures - develop signs as adults honking cough, stridor, dyspnea with mild exercise dynamic DV collapse during inspiration
47
Ideal TX for bacterial pneumonia
3rd gen cephalosporins have superior lung penetration, minimum 1 month tx
48
Neonatal EHV-1 pneumonia
fatal | leukopenia, myeloid cell depletion on BM, dilated retinal vessels, red discolored optic disc
49
Histoplasma capsulatum
in utero placentitis, abortion, or birth of infected foal multiple organ disease including granulomatous pneumonia dx: yeasts on airway cytology
50
Common bacterial diarrhea in foals
``` C perf type C C perf type A C diff bacteriodes fragilis r equi salmonella NOT E COLI ```
51
classical intestinal clostridosis of foals
C perf type C - produces a and b toxins, and enterotoxin colic, rapid dehydration, cardiovascular collapse, hemorrhagic diarrhea <10 days old - often <36hrs high mortality
52
c. perf type A
produces alpha toxin and enterotoxin | lower mortality, better response to tx
53
c diff
Toxin A = enterotoxin | Toxin B = cytotoxin
54
clostridial enterocolitis tx
``` metro + penicillin IV crystalloids plasma biosponge lactase enzymes ```
55
Most common cause of infectious diarrhea in foals
rotavirus | Group A serotype G3
56
Rotavirus mechansims
- replicates in intesine, invades lining, causes cell death - loss of absorptive capacity - decreased lactase production - crypt cell proliferation = increased secretion - enterotoxin - cytotoxin NSP4, a noncompetitive inhibitor of Na-glucose symporter, enhances intestinal chloride secretion
57
meconium impactions
occur in the distal segments (SC or rectum), lead to colonic gas distention
58
most common cause of newborn colic
meconium impaction
59
uroperitoneum causes
congenital - failure of the dorsal bladder wall to close | acquired - ruptured bladder
60
labs in uroperitoneum
``` elevated CK and BUN hyperK hypoNa hypoCl metabolic acidosis ```

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