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2. Smith and EIM > Smith 3 - Neonate / Foals > Flashcards

Smith 3 - Neonate / Foals Flashcards

1
Q

What regulates contractile properties of the uterine myometrium?

A

estrogens

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2
Q

When does equine fetal HR peak?

A

3 months gestation, 196bpm

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3
Q

What is the fetal response to hypoxia?

A

bradycardia and decreased movement

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4
Q

CTUP

A

combined thickness of utero-placental unit

should be 8-15mm

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5
Q

Most common cause of placentitis in the horse?

A

ascending infection via a relaxing cervix

strep zoo, e coli, enterobacter, kleb, pseudomonas

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6
Q

CS of placentitis

A

vaginal discharge, premature udder development, precocious lactation

fever NOT common

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7
Q

Tx of placentitis

A 
Kpen/gent or TMS or ceftiofur
pentoxy
flunixin
altrenogest
DMSO
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8
Q

Foal CPR

A

breaths - 10/min
compressions - 100-120/min
epi - .5-1ml (1mg/mL)

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9
Q

PAS / HIE / NE effects

A

most affected = nervous

second most = renal

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10
Q

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

A

intestinal coagulative necrosis, bacterial overgrowth, pneumatosis intestinalis, marked inflammatory response

birth hypoxia + clostridial infection?

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11
Q

Foal ADG

A

1.5kg/day

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12
Q

Foal incisor eruption

A

6d / 6wks / 6mos

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13
Q

PDA

A

continuous machinery murmur with a point of max intensity over the L heart base, 3rd ICS

  • systolic component often remains as it starts to close
  • disappear by day 3-4
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14
Q

BRIX

A

1) 0-15%, 0-28gm/L IgG = POOR
2) 15-20%, 28-50gm/L = borderline
3) 20-30%, 50-80 = adequate
4) >30%, >80 = V GOOD

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15
Q

Replacement K (mEq)

A

0.4 X BW kg x K deficit in mEq

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16
Q

Bicarb deficit (mEq)

A

0.6 X BW kg X Base deficit (mEq)

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17
Q

Drug effects in neonates

A
  • better absorption from GI
  • less plasma protein binding
  • increased distribution in ECF
  • increased BBB permeability
  • longer half life / slow elimination
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18
Q

Foal E requirement

A

125-150 kcal/kg/day

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19
Q

Sepsis due to ascending infection

A

Foals have accelerated maturity, so they are more likely to be septic but also to survive

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20
Q

S type osteomyelitis

A

synovial

bacterial infection of the synovial membrane with no radiographic changes

  • joint effusion and ST swelling
  • first 2 weeks of life
  • carpus, stifle, hock
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21
Q

E type osteomyelitis

A

epiphyseal

infection extends to subchondral bone

  • 3-4 weeks of age
  • femoral condyles, distal radius, distal tibia, or patella
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22
Q

P type osteomyelitis

A

physeal

physis on the metaphyseal side of the growth plate

  • 1-12 weeks of age
  • distal radius/tibia, distal metacarpi/tarsi
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23
Q

T type osteomelitis

A

tarsal - cuboidal bones of tarsus or carpus

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24
Q

Common joint pathogens in foals

A

e coli, salmonella, actinobacillus, klebsiella, strep, rhodococcus

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25
Q

Causes of seizures in foals

A

NE

bacterial meningitis, viral encephalitis, …

26
Q

Incidence of NE

A

1-2% of all births

27
Q

HI Insult: Primary Phase

A

increased extracellular glutamate, membrane depolarization, increased intracellular calcium, intracellular sodium influx

28
Q

HIE Insult: Secondary Phase

A

acute inflammation, excitotoxicity, increased intracellular calcium, increased reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

29
Q

Hypoxia and glutamate

A

impairs normal function of astroglial glutamate transporters in the synaptic cleft –> accumulation instead of reuptake –> opening of ion channels, excess calcium influx = excitotixicity, apoptosis and necrosis

30
Q

Why is the neonatal brain prone to oxidative injury

A

high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids
high rate of oxygen consumption
low concentration of antioxidants

31
Q

Tx for bacterial meningitis in foals

A

3rd gen cephalosporins - cefotaxime, ceftriaxone

excellent CNS penetration

32
Q

Benign Juvenile Epilepsy

A

arabian foals

  • 2d-6mos
  • seizures, obtundation and transient blindness
  • normal between episodes
  • cessation by 12 months
33
Q

Kernicterus

A

NI complication where bilirubin-IXa is deposited in the brain.
CS: icteric MMs, seizures difficult to control, altered mentation

34
Q

dysmaturity

A

there has been intrauterine growth retardation

-low birth weight

35
Q

prematurity

A

gestational period shorter than usual

-low weight, small body size, short shiny hair coat, rounded head, droopy ears, laxity

36
Q

fescue toxicity

A

neotyphodium coenophialum

prolonged gestation, perinatal mortality, agalactia

37
Q

11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

A

converts excess biologically active cortisol into inactive cortisone in the placenta to reduce exposure to the fetus

38
Q

Bloodwork with HPA axis maturity

A

normal or elevated neutrophil count, N:L ratio, or WBCC = positive indicators of survival

– neutropenia ddx sepsis

39
Q

Inadequate HPA axis maturation: CS

A

after 12-18 hours, onset of weakness, depression, seizures, resp failure, feed intolerance, cardiovascular collapse, lactate elevation, mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis

40
Q

Low dose dopamine

A

.5-5ug/kg/min
agonises dopaminergic receptors
renotubular effects, vasodilation of coronary and intestinal vasculature

41
Q

Moderate dose dopamine

A

4-10ug/kg/min

stimulate B1-adrenergic receptors, chronotropy

42
Q

High dose dopamine

A

> 10ug/kg/min

agonism of a1-adrenergic receptors, widespread vasoconstriction

43
Q

Dobutamine

A

3-20ug/kg/min

acts on B1 adrenoceptors to improve myocardial contractility without vasoconstriction

44
Q

ABG site in foals

A

dorsal metatarsal artery

45
Q

Causes of laryngeal paralysis in foals

A

nutritional myodegeneration, HYPP, botulism

46
Q

Tracheal Collapse

A

miniatures - develop signs as adults
honking cough, stridor, dyspnea with mild exercise
dynamic DV collapse during inspiration

47
Q

Ideal TX for bacterial pneumonia

A

3rd gen cephalosporins have superior lung penetration, minimum 1 month tx

48
Q

Neonatal EHV-1 pneumonia

A

fatal

leukopenia, myeloid cell depletion on BM, dilated retinal vessels, red discolored optic disc

49
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

A

in utero placentitis, abortion, or birth of infected foal
multiple organ disease including granulomatous pneumonia
dx: yeasts on airway cytology

50
Q

Common bacterial diarrhea in foals

A 
C perf type C
C perf type A
C diff
bacteriodes fragilis
r equi
salmonella
NOT E COLI
51
Q

classical intestinal clostridosis of foals

A

C perf type C - produces a and b toxins, and enterotoxin

colic, rapid dehydration, cardiovascular collapse, hemorrhagic diarrhea
<10 days old - often <36hrs
high mortality

52
Q

c. perf type A

A

produces alpha toxin and enterotoxin

lower mortality, better response to tx

53
Q

c diff

A

Toxin A = enterotoxin

Toxin B = cytotoxin

54
Q

clostridial enterocolitis tx

A 
metro + penicillin
IV crystalloids
plasma
biosponge
lactase enzymes
55
Q

Most common cause of infectious diarrhea in foals

A

rotavirus

Group A serotype G3

56
Q

Rotavirus mechansims

A
  • replicates in intesine, invades lining, causes cell death
  • loss of absorptive capacity
  • decreased lactase production
  • crypt cell proliferation = increased secretion
  • enterotoxin
  • cytotoxin NSP4, a noncompetitive inhibitor of Na-glucose symporter, enhances intestinal chloride secretion
57
Q

meconium impactions

A

occur in the distal segments (SC or rectum), lead to colonic gas distention

58
Q

most common cause of newborn colic

A

meconium impaction

59
Q

uroperitoneum causes

A

congenital - failure of the dorsal bladder wall to close

acquired - ruptured bladder

60
Q

labs in uroperitoneum

A 
elevated CK and BUN
hyperK
hypoNa
hypoCl
metabolic acidosis

2. Smith and EIM (22 decks)

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