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2. Smith and EIM > Smith 5 - Neuro > Flashcards

Smith 5 - Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

where is CSF produced

A

choroid plexuses of the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles

ependymal lining of the ventricular system

Pia arachnoid

meningeal blood vessels

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2
Q

alpha viruses

A

EEE / WEE / VEE

  • EEE worst, more severe and rapid progression
  • young horses more susceptible

“East is the beast”

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3
Q

EE signs

A

1) inapparent infection, low grade viremia and fever = initial viremia
2) fever, anorexia, depression, tachycardia, D+ = viral proliferation
3) clinical encephalomyelitis

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4
Q

CSF in EEE

A

moderate neutrophilic or lymphocytic pleocytosis

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5
Q

Getah / Ross River Virus

A
  • mosquito transmitted
  • fever, edema, urticaria 7-10 days
  • fever, lameness, swollen joints
  • orient / South Pacific / australia
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6
Q

Borna disease

A
  • viral encephalitis in Europe
  • horses and sheep, spring and summer
  • forebrain signs, followed by brainstem and SC, die in 1-4 weeks
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7
Q

Henipavirus

A
  • australia

- widespread vasculitis, endothelial syncytial, vascular thrombosis, hemorrhage, cellular necrosis

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8
Q

bunyaviridae

A

may cause acute encephalitis

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9
Q

equine encephalosis

A
  • arthropod borne virus
  • mild or subclinical dz
  • culicoides
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10
Q

west nile

A
  • flavivirus
  • cycles between mosquito vectors and avian reservoir hosts
  • cluex vectors
  • varied signs; fever, ataxia, weakness, muzzle fasciculations, twitching cutaneous muscles of torso and neck
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11
Q

CSF in WNV

A

mild to moderate mononuclear pleocytosis, low numbers of neutrophils

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12
Q

traumatic optic nerve damage

A
  • stretching of the optic nerves
  • sudden blindness, loss of PLRs, dilated pupils
  • will progress after injury, no tx
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13
Q

equine thiamine deficiency

A
  • diet containing thiaminase
  • bracken fern, horsetails
  • ataxia, blindness, CP deficits, bradycardia / blocking
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14
Q

equine leukoencephalomalacia

A
  • fumonisin toxins from fusarium fungi in corn
  • sudden death
  • sudden onset obtundation, circling, head pressing, blind, ataxia, asymmetric fasciculations
  • liquefactive necrosis of cerebral hemispheres
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15
Q

cholinesteric granuloma encephalopathy

A
  • choroid plexuses of the 4th ventricles and lateral ventricles
  • chronic inflammatory reaction to cholesterol from extravasated degenerating RBCs
  • forebrain signs
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16
Q

border disease

A

hairy shakers

  • pestivirus
  • hypomyelination
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17
Q

encephalitic bovine herpes

A

BoHV-1,5
-depression, nasal / ocular discharge, CP deficits, head pressing, circling, bellowing, drooling, bruxism, tongue paralysis, head tilt, nystagmus, convulsions, blindness, coma, death, fever

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18
Q

BSE

A
  • transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
  • prion
  • occurs in 4-6yo cattle
  • always fatal
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19
Q

scrapie

A

TSE in sheep and goats

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20
Q

pseudorabies

A

aujeszky’s dz

  • acute, severe, fatal encephalitis
  • varicellovirus
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21
Q

louping ill

A

ovine encephalomyelitis

  • tick spread
  • yearling sheep in the spring
  • fever, anorexia, depression, constipation, and generalized muscle tremors
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22
Q

rabies

A
  • lyssavirus
  • acute and progressive
  • dysphagia, hydrophobia, paresis, paresthesia, salivation, febrile, tenesmus
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23
Q

buss disease

A

sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis - chlamoydophila pecorum

  • multisystemic dz
  • can resemble hardware dz

oxygen tx

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24
Q

causes of brain abscesses

A

horses - strep equi

cattle - t. pyogenes

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25
Q

nervous coccidiosis

A

-calves and yearling cattle, sheep, goats

  • feedlots NW US / Canada
  • D+, tenesmus, hematochezia, depression, incoordination, twitching, recumbency, nystagmus

Tx: sulfmethoxine

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26
Q

sarcocystis infections

A

cattle goats and sheep

-dogs are the definitive host

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27
Q

Babesia encephalitis

A

acute encephalitis with fever

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28
Q

erlichia ruminatium

A

fatal encephalitis in goats, sheep, and cattle

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29
Q

polioencephalomalacia

A

excess sulfur, altered thiamine metabolism, salt poisoning, or water deprivation, amprolium toxicity, lead toxicity

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30
Q

vitamin A deficiency

A

growing ruminants in feedlots (lack of green plants)

  • stargazing, blindness, diarrhea, short seizures , ocular changes
  • dilated unresponsive pupils
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31
Q

hydranencephaly

A

normotensive hydrocephalus

  • failure of cell growth or cellular necrosis
  • viral pathogens in utero
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32
Q

hypertensive hydrocephalus

A

increased CSF volume from compressive or obstructive lesions

-can be congenital

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33
Q

ammoniated forage toxicosis

A

cow bonkers

  • acremonium fungus in fescue
  • hyperesthetic and ataxic, sawhorse stance at rest, excitable when alert
  • recurrent mania episodes
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34
Q

lead poisoning in ruminants

A

acute encephalopathy

-blindness, ataxia, depressed sensorium

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35
Q

lead poisoning in horses

A

chronic polyneuritis

-weight loss, dysphagia, aspiration pneumonia

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36
Q

lead poisoning treatment

A
  • chelation with calcium EDTA for 5 days

- thiamine

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37
Q

sheep gid

A

coenurus cerebral infestation (larval stage of tenia multiceps)
-larval migration causes signs - brain or SC

  • Tx: praziquantel if no neuro signs, NSAIDs, dex, surgical removal
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38
Q

ceroid lipofucinosis

A

lysosomal storage disease - inherited

- progressive, fatal dz

39
Q

peripheral vestibular dz in horses

A
  • many causes
  • acute, asymmetric
  • head tilt towards affected side, nystagmus with fast phase away from affected side, circling to affected side
  • signs much worse w blindfold
  • visual accommodation can occur and may return to work
40
Q

star thistle / knapweed poisoning

centaurea solstitalis
thaponticum repens

A

equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia

  • adult horses
  • facial and lingual dystonia, variable obtundation, behavioral signs, ataxia
41
Q

THO

A
  • periosteal reaction and enlargement of the stylohyoid, tympanic bulla, and petrous portion of the temporal bone
  • sudden onset asymmetric CN signs, facial muscle degeneration, recused tear film
42
Q

listeria

A
  • multifocal brainstem disorder, diffuse meningoencephalitis, or myelitis
  • asymmetric signs, CP deficits, head pressing, CN deficits V-XII
43
Q

CN VIII lesions

A

nystagmus that changes w head position

44
Q

path diagnosis of listeria

A
  • multifocal brainstem micro abscesses

- isolate agent from nervous tissue NOT CSF

45
Q

Histophilus somni
Thromboembolitic meningoencephalitis
Sleeper Calves

A
  • neuro dz that can arise from septicemia; infected via resp tract
  • can infect multiple organs
  • frequent outbreaks in feedlot cattle
  • causes apoptosis of endothelial cells; micro thrombi in brain stem, SC, synovial membranes, pleurae and lungs
  • bacterial colonies in thrombosed vessels on histo
  • thrombus forms at site of vascular lesion - not a true embolism!
46
Q

CS associated with lesions in cerebellum and caudal brainstem

A

head tilt, nystagmus, strabismus, blindness, muscular tremors, opisthontos, coma, convulsions

47
Q

otitis media / interna

A
  • cattle and sheep
  • secondary to resp infections; ascending infection from pharynx to Eustachian tube
  • unilateral peripheral vestibular dz
  • head shaking, ear droop, head tilt to side of lesion, nystagmus (fast away from lesion), stumbling and circling
48
Q

cattle ear mite

A

raillietia auris

-can perforate tympanum and cause vestibular dz

49
Q

small ruminant ear mite

A

psoroptes cuniculi

50
Q

cerebellar abiotrophy

A
  • arabian and pony foals
  • simple autosomal recessive
  • genetic mutation causes degeneration
  • decreased MUTHY - encodes DNA glycosylase that repairs oxidative damage to DNA
51
Q

CS of cerebellar abiotrophy

A
  • age 3mos
  • incoordination, base wide thoracic limbs, head tremors esp when nursing
  • no menace, ataxia
  • exaggerated when stimulated
52
Q

BVD can cause cerebellar hypoplasia when

A

cows infected from 90-170d of gestation

53
Q

lavender foal syndrome

A
  • arabian
  • dilute coat color
  • episodes of opisthontos, hyper response to touch, limb paddling, uncontrolled eye movements
  • cannot even get to sternal
  • can vocalize and have a strong suckle
  • MYO5A gene mutation
54
Q

lethal white foal syndrome

A
  • overo paint foals

- intestinal anganlionosis

55
Q

Locoweed plants

A

astragalus
oxytropis

-indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine (aka locoine)

56
Q

locoweed poisoning

A
  • acquired neurovisceral storage disease
  • hot dry weather and scarce forage
  • ataxic and obtunded episodes alternating with mania
  • high step gait, head tremors, flaccid nose and lips, dysphagia
57
Q

perennial ryegrass staggers

A

endophyte (neotyphodium lolii) infected ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

  • tremorgens, ergopeptides, and peramine
  • coarse fasciculations and tremors of skeletal muscles, truncal sway, stumbling
58
Q

paspalum staggers

A
  • ergots = claviceps papsali

- grass = paspalum

59
Q

bermuda grass staggers

A

-grass = cynodonts dactylon

60
Q

canary grass staggers

A

phalaris

61
Q

ceroid lipofuscinosis

A

progressive ataxia, blindness, depression, coma

-autosomal recessive

62
Q

citrullinemia

A
  • newborn holsteins

- depression, bellowing, abnormal tongue and face movements, convulsions, death

63
Q

alpha mannosidosis

A
  • cattle 1wk - 15 mos

- stunted growth, ataxia, head tremor, hypermetria

64
Q

beta mannosidosis

A
  • newborn cattle and goats

- recumbency, deaf, narrow palpebral fissures, intention tremor, deformities

65
Q

inherited myoclonus

A
  • Paso finos
  • GABA receptor deficiency
  • hopping newborns
66
Q

EHV-1 EHM

A
  • acute onset ataxia and tetraparesis
  • biphasic fever before neuro signs
  • truncal ataxia and paresis, bladder distention, incontinence, weak tail and anus
67
Q

EHV-1 CSF

A
  • xanthrochromic
  • high protein
  • normal NCC
68
Q

EPM treatments

A
  • sulfadiazine/pyrimethamine = folate inhibitor

- ponazuril / diclazuril = coccidiostat

69
Q

EDM

A
  • neuroaxonal dystrophy
  • equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy
  • poor hay / no grass access
  • low Vit E
  • symmetric ataxia and paresis, pacing, NO MUSCLE ATROPHY
  • age of onset 1-12 months
70
Q

verminous meningoencephalomyelitis

A
  • strongylus vulgaris
  • angiostrongylus cantonensis
  • p. tenuis
  • hypoderma
71
Q

p. tenuis

A
  • white tailed deer
  • larvae mature in SC before traveling to brain
  • cervids, goats, sheep, camelids
  • no tx
72
Q

spinal cord abscesses

A

-come from vertebral body osteomyelitis

73
Q

sorghum toxicity

A
  • ataxia, incontinence, and cystitis

- horses, cattle, sheep

74
Q

Lesions located at T3-L3 cause?

A
  • Pelvic limb paraparesis and ataxia
  • Doesnt affect forelimbs
  • urinary bladder is normal
75
Q

Lesions located at L3 to S2 cause?

A
  • hind limb paraparesis or paraplegia

- may be urine scalding

76
Q

____________ in cattle occurs primarily in young growing animals 6–9 months of age on concentrate rations and is characterized clinically by a sudden onset of blindness, muscular tremors of the head and neck, head-pressing, nystagmus, and opisthotonus. The disease also occurs in mature beef cattle on pasture containing a high level of sulfate in their water and feed.

A

Polioencephalomalacia

77
Q

___________ is most common in calves after spring turnout, but occurs in adult cattle too, and is characterized by central blindness, tremors, convulsions, uncontrollable activity with bellowing, champing fits, hyperexcitability, rumen stasis, and death in several hours. Early treatment may be successful.

A

Acute lead poisoning

78
Q

_____________ in cattle is characterized by blindness, stupor, head-pressing, rumen stasis, weak palpebral reflexes, and no response to therapy.

A

Subacute lead poisoning

79
Q

____________ in cattle is characterized by a history of a ____________ deficient diet and nyctalopia, peripheral blindness, dilated and f ixed pupils, optic disc edema, and transient convulsions followed by recovery.

A

Hypovitaminosis A

vitamin A

80
Q

____________ in cattle is characterized by sudden onset of ataxia, recumbency, fever, depression with eyes closed, lesions of the fundus, marked changes in hemogram, enlarged joints, and death in several hours if not treated early.

A

Histophilus somni meningoencephalitis

81
Q

in unvaccinated sheep, especially feedlot lambs, in which the clinical findings are almost identical; it occurs under the same management conditions as polioencephalomalacia.

___________ in lambs usually develops within several days after being placed on a grain ration, whereas polioencephalomalacia occurs after several weeks of grain feeding. Glycosuria may assist the diagnosis, but a necropsy is usually more informative

A

Enterotoxemia (pulpy kidney disease) caused by Clostridium perfringens type D

82
Q

____________ in sheep also resembles polioencephalomalacia but is sporadic, usually involves only a few animals, and will not respond to treatment.

A

Focal symmetric encephalomalacia

83
Q

test for scrapie

A

IHC test on the obex of the brain
—confirmatory test at some laboratories of the OIE
—gold standard test in the United States.

84
Q

Clinical signs in BSE

A 
Change in temperament and behavior
Apprehension, excitable, unusual kicking, head-tossing when haltered, separation from group 
Change in posture and movement 
Abnormal posture and ataxia
Fall in milk production
85
Q

antemortem tests for BSE

A

none

86
Q

3 month old goat kid, normal mentation, asymmetric weakness worse in HLs, proprioceptive abnormalities

A

CAEV leukoencephalomalacia

87
Q

CAEV control

A

regular testing - elisa or agid q6mos and cull
pasteurize all milk
separate all kids at birth

88
Q

Damage to the _____ nerve results in rear limb weakness and knuckling of the fetlocks;

A

sciatic

89
Q

_______ nerve paralysis should be used for postparturient cattle with an inability to adduct one or both hindlimbs

A

obturator

90
Q

________ nerve paralysis in calves occurs in large calves born to heifers with dystocia. T he injury occurs when calves in anterior presentation fail to enter the birth canal because their stifle joints become engaged at the brim of the pelvis.

A

Femoral

91
Q

trismus with restriction of jaw movements; prolapse of the third eyelid; stiffness of the hindlimbs causing an unsteady, straddling gait; and the tail is held out stiffly

A

tetanus

92
Q

pasture-associated stringhalt

A

pelvic limb hyperflexion

presumably progressive degeneration of large myelinated axons in tibial and peroneal nerve branches, including α motor neurons to skeletal muscle, 1A and 1B sensory neurons from muscle spindles, and Golgi tendon organs.

93
Q

toxic cause of pasture associated stringhalt

A

dandelion

94
Q

Central Blindness
Dorsomedial strabismus
Opisthontos

A

Lead or polio

2. Smith and EIM (22 decks)

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