Smith 5 - Neuro Flashcards
1
Q
where is CSF produced
A
choroid plexuses of the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles
ependymal lining of the ventricular system
Pia arachnoid
meningeal blood vessels
2
Q
alpha viruses
A
EEE / WEE / VEE
- EEE worst, more severe and rapid progression
- young horses more susceptible
“East is the beast”
3
Q
EE signs
A
1) inapparent infection, low grade viremia and fever = initial viremia
2) fever, anorexia, depression, tachycardia, D+ = viral proliferation
3) clinical encephalomyelitis
4
Q
CSF in EEE
A
moderate neutrophilic or lymphocytic pleocytosis
5
Q
Getah / Ross River Virus
A
- mosquito transmitted
- fever, edema, urticaria 7-10 days
- fever, lameness, swollen joints
- orient / South Pacific / australia
6
Q
Borna disease
A
- viral encephalitis in Europe
- horses and sheep, spring and summer
- forebrain signs, followed by brainstem and SC, die in 1-4 weeks
7
Q
Henipavirus
A
- australia
- widespread vasculitis, endothelial syncytial, vascular thrombosis, hemorrhage, cellular necrosis
8
Q
bunyaviridae
A
may cause acute encephalitis
9
Q
equine encephalosis
A
- arthropod borne virus
- mild or subclinical dz
- culicoides
10
Q
west nile
A
- flavivirus
- cycles between mosquito vectors and avian reservoir hosts
- cluex vectors
- varied signs; fever, ataxia, weakness, muzzle fasciculations, twitching cutaneous muscles of torso and neck
11
Q
CSF in WNV
A
mild to moderate mononuclear pleocytosis, low numbers of neutrophils
12
Q
traumatic optic nerve damage
A
- stretching of the optic nerves
- sudden blindness, loss of PLRs, dilated pupils
- will progress after injury, no tx
13
Q
equine thiamine deficiency
A
- diet containing thiaminase
- bracken fern, horsetails
- ataxia, blindness, CP deficits, bradycardia / blocking
14
Q
equine leukoencephalomalacia
A
- fumonisin toxins from fusarium fungi in corn
- sudden death
- sudden onset obtundation, circling, head pressing, blind, ataxia, asymmetric fasciculations
- liquefactive necrosis of cerebral hemispheres
15
Q
cholinesteric granuloma encephalopathy
A
- choroid plexuses of the 4th ventricles and lateral ventricles
- chronic inflammatory reaction to cholesterol from extravasated degenerating RBCs
- forebrain signs
16
Q
border disease
A
hairy shakers
- pestivirus
- hypomyelination
17
Q
encephalitic bovine herpes
A
BoHV-1,5
-depression, nasal / ocular discharge, CP deficits, head pressing, circling, bellowing, drooling, bruxism, tongue paralysis, head tilt, nystagmus, convulsions, blindness, coma, death, fever
18
Q
BSE
A
- transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
- prion
- occurs in 4-6yo cattle
- always fatal
19
Q
scrapie
A
TSE in sheep and goats
20
Q
pseudorabies
A
aujeszky’s dz
- acute, severe, fatal encephalitis
- varicellovirus
21
Q
louping ill
A
ovine encephalomyelitis
- tick spread
- yearling sheep in the spring
- fever, anorexia, depression, constipation, and generalized muscle tremors
22
Q
rabies
A
- lyssavirus
- acute and progressive
- dysphagia, hydrophobia, paresis, paresthesia, salivation, febrile, tenesmus
23
Q
buss disease
A
sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis - chlamoydophila pecorum
- multisystemic dz
- can resemble hardware dz
oxygen tx
24
Q
causes of brain abscesses
A
horses - strep equi
cattle - t. pyogenes
25
nervous coccidiosis
-calves and yearling cattle, sheep, goats
- feedlots NW US / Canada
- D+, tenesmus, hematochezia, depression, incoordination, twitching, recumbency, nystagmus
Tx: sulfmethoxine
26
sarcocystis infections
cattle goats and sheep
| -dogs are the definitive host
27
Babesia encephalitis
acute encephalitis with fever
28
erlichia ruminatium
fatal encephalitis in goats, sheep, and cattle
29
polioencephalomalacia
excess sulfur, altered thiamine metabolism, salt poisoning, or water deprivation, amprolium toxicity, lead toxicity
30
vitamin A deficiency
growing ruminants in feedlots (lack of green plants)
- stargazing, blindness, diarrhea, short seizures , ocular changes
- dilated unresponsive pupils
31
hydranencephaly
normotensive hydrocephalus
- failure of cell growth or cellular necrosis
- viral pathogens in utero
32
hypertensive hydrocephalus
increased CSF volume from compressive or obstructive lesions
| -can be congenital
33
ammoniated forage toxicosis
cow bonkers
- acremonium fungus in fescue
- hyperesthetic and ataxic, sawhorse stance at rest, excitable when alert
- recurrent mania episodes
34
lead poisoning in ruminants
acute encephalopathy
| -blindness, ataxia, depressed sensorium
35
lead poisoning in horses
chronic polyneuritis
| -weight loss, dysphagia, aspiration pneumonia
36
lead poisoning treatment
- chelation with calcium EDTA for 5 days
| - thiamine
37
sheep gid
coenurus cerebral infestation (larval stage of tenia multiceps)
-larval migration causes signs - brain or SC
- Tx: praziquantel if no neuro signs, NSAIDs, dex, surgical removal
38
ceroid lipofucinosis
lysosomal storage disease - inherited
| - progressive, fatal dz
39
peripheral vestibular dz in horses
- many causes
- acute, asymmetric
- head tilt towards affected side, nystagmus with fast phase away from affected side, circling to affected side
- signs much worse w blindfold
- visual accommodation can occur and may return to work
40
star thistle / knapweed poisoning
centaurea solstitalis
thaponticum repens
equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia
- adult horses
- facial and lingual dystonia, variable obtundation, behavioral signs, ataxia
41
THO
- periosteal reaction and enlargement of the stylohyoid, tympanic bulla, and petrous portion of the temporal bone
- sudden onset asymmetric CN signs, facial muscle degeneration, recused tear film
42
listeria
- multifocal brainstem disorder, diffuse meningoencephalitis, or myelitis
- asymmetric signs, CP deficits, head pressing, CN deficits V-XII
43
CN VIII lesions
nystagmus that changes w head position
44
path diagnosis of listeria
- multifocal brainstem micro abscesses
| - isolate agent from nervous tissue NOT CSF
45
Histophilus somni
Thromboembolitic meningoencephalitis
Sleeper Calves
- neuro dz that can arise from septicemia; infected via resp tract
- can infect multiple organs
- frequent outbreaks in feedlot cattle
- causes apoptosis of endothelial cells; micro thrombi in brain stem, SC, synovial membranes, pleurae and lungs
- bacterial colonies in thrombosed vessels on histo
* thrombus forms at site of vascular lesion - not a true embolism!
46
CS associated with lesions in cerebellum and caudal brainstem
head tilt, nystagmus, strabismus, blindness, muscular tremors, opisthontos, coma, convulsions
47
otitis media / interna
- cattle and sheep
- secondary to resp infections; ascending infection from pharynx to Eustachian tube
- unilateral peripheral vestibular dz
- head shaking, ear droop, head tilt to side of lesion, nystagmus (fast away from lesion), stumbling and circling
48
cattle ear mite
raillietia auris
| -can perforate tympanum and cause vestibular dz
49
small ruminant ear mite
psoroptes cuniculi
50
cerebellar abiotrophy
- arabian and pony foals
- simple autosomal recessive
- genetic mutation causes degeneration
- decreased MUTHY - encodes DNA glycosylase that repairs oxidative damage to DNA
51
CS of cerebellar abiotrophy
- age 3mos
- incoordination, base wide thoracic limbs, head tremors esp when nursing
- no menace, ataxia
- exaggerated when stimulated
52
BVD can cause cerebellar hypoplasia when
cows infected from 90-170d of gestation
53
lavender foal syndrome
- arabian
- dilute coat color
- episodes of opisthontos, hyper response to touch, limb paddling, uncontrolled eye movements
- cannot even get to sternal
- can vocalize and have a strong suckle
- MYO5A gene mutation
54
lethal white foal syndrome
- overo paint foals
| - intestinal anganlionosis
55
Locoweed plants
astragalus
oxytropis
-indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine (aka locoine)
56
locoweed poisoning
- acquired neurovisceral storage disease
- hot dry weather and scarce forage
- ataxic and obtunded episodes alternating with mania
- high step gait, head tremors, flaccid nose and lips, dysphagia
57
perennial ryegrass staggers
endophyte (neotyphodium lolii) infected ryegrass (Lolium perenne)
- tremorgens, ergopeptides, and peramine
- coarse fasciculations and tremors of skeletal muscles, truncal sway, stumbling
58
paspalum staggers
- ergots = claviceps papsali
| - grass = paspalum
59
bermuda grass staggers
-grass = cynodonts dactylon
60
canary grass staggers
phalaris
61
ceroid lipofuscinosis
progressive ataxia, blindness, depression, coma
| -autosomal recessive
62
citrullinemia
- newborn holsteins
| - depression, bellowing, abnormal tongue and face movements, convulsions, death
63
alpha mannosidosis
- cattle 1wk - 15 mos
| - stunted growth, ataxia, head tremor, hypermetria
64
beta mannosidosis
- newborn cattle and goats
| - recumbency, deaf, narrow palpebral fissures, intention tremor, deformities
65
inherited myoclonus
- Paso finos
- GABA receptor deficiency
- hopping newborns
66
EHV-1 EHM
- acute onset ataxia and tetraparesis
- biphasic fever before neuro signs
- truncal ataxia and paresis, bladder distention, incontinence, weak tail and anus
67
EHV-1 CSF
- xanthrochromic
- high protein
- normal NCC
68
EPM treatments
- sulfadiazine/pyrimethamine = folate inhibitor
| - ponazuril / diclazuril = coccidiostat
69
EDM
- neuroaxonal dystrophy
- equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy
- poor hay / no grass access
- low Vit E
- symmetric ataxia and paresis, pacing, NO MUSCLE ATROPHY
- age of onset 1-12 months
70
verminous meningoencephalomyelitis
- strongylus vulgaris
- angiostrongylus cantonensis
- p. tenuis
- hypoderma
71
p. tenuis
- white tailed deer
- larvae mature in SC before traveling to brain
- cervids, goats, sheep, camelids
- no tx
72
spinal cord abscesses
-come from vertebral body osteomyelitis
73
sorghum toxicity
- ataxia, incontinence, and cystitis
| - horses, cattle, sheep
74
Lesions located at T3-L3 cause?
- Pelvic limb paraparesis and ataxia
- Doesnt affect forelimbs
- urinary bladder is normal
75
Lesions located at L3 to S2 cause?
- hind limb paraparesis or paraplegia
| - may be urine scalding
76
____________ in cattle occurs primarily in young growing animals 6–9 months of age on concentrate rations and is characterized clinically by a sudden onset of blindness, muscular tremors of the head and neck, head-pressing, nystagmus, and opisthotonus. The disease also occurs in mature beef cattle on pasture containing a high level of sulfate in their water and feed.
Polioencephalomalacia
77
___________ is most common in calves after spring turnout, but occurs in adult cattle too, and is characterized by central blindness, tremors, convulsions, uncontrollable activity with bellowing, champing fits, hyperexcitability, rumen stasis, and death in several hours. Early treatment may be successful.
Acute lead poisoning
78
_____________ in cattle is characterized by blindness, stupor, head-pressing, rumen stasis, weak palpebral reflexes, and no response to therapy.
Subacute lead poisoning
79
____________ in cattle is characterized by a history of a ____________ deficient diet and nyctalopia, peripheral blindness, dilated and f ixed pupils, optic disc edema, and transient convulsions followed by recovery.
Hypovitaminosis A
vitamin A
80
____________ in cattle is characterized by sudden onset of ataxia, recumbency, fever, depression with eyes closed, lesions of the fundus, marked changes in hemogram, enlarged joints, and death in several hours if not treated early.
Histophilus somni meningoencephalitis
81
in unvaccinated sheep, especially feedlot lambs, in which the clinical findings are almost identical; it occurs under the same management conditions as polioencephalomalacia.
___________ in lambs usually develops within several days after being placed on a grain ration, whereas polioencephalomalacia occurs after several weeks of grain feeding. Glycosuria may assist the diagnosis, but a necropsy is usually more informative
Enterotoxemia (pulpy kidney disease) caused by Clostridium perfringens type D
82
____________ in sheep also resembles polioencephalomalacia but is sporadic, usually involves only a few animals, and will not respond to treatment.
Focal symmetric encephalomalacia
83
test for scrapie
IHC test on the obex of the brain
—confirmatory test at some laboratories of the OIE
—gold standard test in the United States.
84
Clinical signs in BSE
```
Change in temperament and behavior
Apprehension, excitable, unusual kicking, head-tossing when haltered, separation from group
Change in posture and movement
Abnormal posture and ataxia
Fall in milk production
```
85
antemortem tests for BSE
none
86
3 month old goat kid, normal mentation, asymmetric weakness worse in HLs, proprioceptive abnormalities
CAEV leukoencephalomalacia
87
CAEV control
regular testing - elisa or agid q6mos and cull
pasteurize all milk
separate all kids at birth
88
Damage to the _____ nerve results in rear limb weakness and knuckling of the fetlocks;
sciatic
89
_______ nerve paralysis should be used for postparturient cattle with an inability to adduct one or both hindlimbs
obturator
90
________ nerve paralysis in calves occurs in large calves born to heifers with dystocia. T he injury occurs when calves in anterior presentation fail to enter the birth canal because their stifle joints become engaged at the brim of the pelvis.
Femoral
91
trismus with restriction of jaw movements; prolapse of the third eyelid; stiffness of the hindlimbs causing an unsteady, straddling gait; and the tail is held out stiffly
tetanus
92
pasture-associated stringhalt
pelvic limb hyperflexion
presumably progressive degeneration of large myelinated axons in tibial and peroneal nerve branches, including α motor neurons to skeletal muscle, 1A and 1B sensory neurons from muscle spindles, and Golgi tendon organs.
93
toxic cause of pasture associated stringhalt
dandelion
94
Central Blindness
Dorsomedial strabismus
Opisthontos
Lead or polio
