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2. Smith and EIM > Smith 4 - Samples and Lab Tests > Flashcards

Smith 4 - Samples and Lab Tests Flashcards

1
Q

hyponatremia

A

indication of relative water excess

  • vomiting, D+, excess sweat, adrenal insufficiency
  • third space sequestration
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2
Q

hypernatremia

A

indication of relative water defecit

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3
Q

hypertonic dehydration

A

feed and water deprivation

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4
Q

isotonic dehydration

A

balanced loss of water and electrolytes - early stages of acute diarrhea or heavy sweating

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5
Q

hypotonic dehydration

A

hyponatremia indicating loss of ions

-subacute or chronic diarrhea

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6
Q

major intracellular cation

A

potassium

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7
Q

hypokalemia effects

A
  • affects resting membrane potential

- muscle weakness, impaired urine concentration ability, arrhythmias

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8
Q

Cl tends to vary ____ with bicarb

A

inversely

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9
Q

increased Cl without increased Na occurs in

A

hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, renal tubular acidosis

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10
Q

decreased Cl without Na is seen in

A

metabolic alkalosis, compensation for primary respiratory acidosis

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11
Q

ionized ca

A

50-60% of total calcium
physiologically active
doesn’t change with albumin concentration

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12
Q

alkalosis ___ ionized ca

A

reduces; increases protein binding

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13
Q

level of Ca causing recumbency

A

<6mg/dl – <4 is fatal

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14
Q

common cause of hyperCa in horses

A

chronic renal insufficency

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15
Q

metabolic disorders

A

change in bicarb concentration

-compensated by respiration

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16
Q

primary respiratory imbalances

A

changes in alveolar ventilation

-compensated by kidneys

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17
Q

causes of metabolic acidosis

A

rumen overload, ketosis, preg tox, hypovolaemic shock, acute D+, strangulating colic, strangulating abomasal torsion, peritonitis, ruptured bladder, excess exercise in horses

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18
Q

causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

fluid sequestration in abomasum, gastric reflux, massive sweat loss, Cl or K depletion, furosemide, pyloric stenosis

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19
Q

paradoxic acidurea

A

metabolic acidosis

-renal H excretion is linked to bicarb, so it cannot be excreted

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20
Q

causes of respiratory acidosis

A

pulmonary dz, airway obstruction, laryngeal edema, aspiration pneumonia, pneumonia, pleuritis, pneumothorax, asthma, CNS resp depression/Dz, drugs

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21
Q

causes of respiratory alkalosis

A

hypoxemia, pulmonary dz, CHF, severe anemia, CNS resp stimulation, hyperventilation, gram negative sepsis, excitement/fear/pain

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22
Q

primary a-b disturbances

A

bicarb and PCO2 always change in the same direction

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23
Q

anion gap

A

(Na + K) - (Cl + Bicarb)

normal 12-17mmol/L

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24
Q

causes of decreased anion gap + hyperCl + hypoK

A

GI losses, renal tubular acidosis

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25
Q

decreased anion gap +hyperCl + hyperK

A

Addisons dz or renal failure

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26
Q

high anion gap

A

accumulation of lactic acid

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27
Q

strong ion difference

A

(Na, K, Ca, Mg) - (Cl, SO4, Lactate, acetoacetate, BHB)

28
Q

SDH

A

liver specific in all LA

  • hepatocellular damage and leakage
  • active and ongoing liver damage
29
Q

CK is found in

A

cytoplasm of myocytes

30
Q

CK isoenzymes

A

CK1BB - brain
CK2MB - cardiac muscle
CK3MM - skeletal muscle
CKMt - mitochondria

31
Q

serum CK levels represent which isoenzyme

32
Q

Which organ damage produces higher levels of AST

A

muscle necrosis&raquo_space; liver

33
Q

GGT is found mostly in

A

biliary tract

34
Q

elevated GGT indicates

A

liver damage / biliary obstruction

35
Q

ALP is a marker for

A

intra or extra hepatic biliary obstruction

-periportal liver damage and biliary obstruction

36
Q

icterus in fasting horses is due to an increase in

A

unconjugated bilirubin

37
Q

increase in unconjugated bilirubin

A

indirect

  • increased production
  • hemolytic anemia
  • hepatic uptake is diminished / liver failure
  • anorexia
38
Q

increase in conjugated bilirubin

A

direct

  • liver failure
  • cholestasis
  • bile duct obstruction
  • NI
39
Q

bilirubin in hemolytic anemia is

A

indirect / unconjugated

40
Q

urine crystals in horses

A

calcium carbonate

41
Q

urine crystals in foals

A

calcium oxalate

42
Q

urine crystals in feedlot cattle

A

struvite

MgNH4PO4-6H2O

43
Q

polychromasia

A
  • regeneration in ruminants

- doesnt occur in horses

44
Q

cytologic signs of lead toxicity

A
  • howell jolly bodies

- basophilic stippling

45
Q

cytologic signs of oxidative damage

A
  • heinz bodies

- eccentrocytes

46
Q

anemia of inflammation

A

mild to moderate non-regenerative

47
Q

Endotoxemia causes neutrophils to

A

redistribute from circulating into the marginal pool and tissues

48
Q

bovine leukemia virus causes

A

persistent lymphocytosis

49
Q

most common leukemia in horses

A

lymphocytic

50
Q

most common cause of PLE in ruminants

A

johnes - MAP

51
Q

gold standard assay for platelet function

A

aggregometry

52
Q

high levels of Ig_ production can hinder platelet function

A

IgM

hinders platelet function via protein coating of platelet surfaces

53
Q

PT

A

one stage prothrombin time

  • measure intrinsic (TF) and common coag pathways
  • add Ca-thromboplastin reagent to plasma, time to fibrin clot formation
54
Q

prolonged PT = deficiency of

A

-fibrinogen <100
-common factors II, V, X
-tissue factor VII
>25% increase is significant
means >20% decrease in coag factor activity

55
Q

Vit K is needed for coag factors

A

II, VII, IX, and X

56
Q

Vit K inhibition causes

A
  • deficient carboxylation
  • inability to bind endothelium
  • -> PIVKAs
57
Q

PTT

A

measures intrinsic + common pathways

-add Ca to plasma with partial thromboplastin reagent, time to clot formation

58
Q

prolonged PTT = deficiency of

A

factors XII, XI, IX, and VIII, and PK (prekallikrein)

59
Q

most important inhibitor of coagulation

A

antithrombin (ATIII)

60
Q

heparin

A

necessary cofactor for ATIII

61
Q

causes of low fibrinogen

A

acute severe DIC
acute hepatic necrosis
severe hepatic fibrosis
hereditary in goats

62
Q

teg can detect:

A

hyper coagulable states

increased fibrinolysis

63
Q

neutrophil circulatory half life

64
Q

platelet life span

65
Q

erythrocyte life span

66
Q

how to assess for regeneration in anemic horses

A

bone marrow evaluation

2. Smith and EIM (22 decks)

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