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2. Smith and EIM > Smith 4 - Samples and Lab Tests > Flashcards

Smith 4 - Samples and Lab Tests Flashcards

1
Q

hyponatremia

A

indication of relative water excess

  • vomiting, D+, excess sweat, adrenal insufficiency
  • third space sequestration
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2
Q

hypernatremia

A

indication of relative water defecit

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3
Q

hypertonic dehydration

A

feed and water deprivation

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4
Q

isotonic dehydration

A

balanced loss of water and electrolytes - early stages of acute diarrhea or heavy sweating

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5
Q

hypotonic dehydration

A

hyponatremia indicating loss of ions

-subacute or chronic diarrhea

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6
Q

major intracellular cation

A

potassium

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7
Q

hypokalemia effects

A
  • affects resting membrane potential

- muscle weakness, impaired urine concentration ability, arrhythmias

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8
Q

Cl tends to vary ____ with bicarb

A

inversely

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9
Q

increased Cl without increased Na occurs in

A

hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, renal tubular acidosis

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10
Q

decreased Cl without Na is seen in

A

metabolic alkalosis, compensation for primary respiratory acidosis

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11
Q

ionized ca

A

50-60% of total calcium
physiologically active
doesn’t change with albumin concentration

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12
Q

alkalosis ___ ionized ca

A

reduces; increases protein binding

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13
Q

level of Ca causing recumbency

A

<6mg/dl – <4 is fatal

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14
Q

common cause of hyperCa in horses

A

chronic renal insufficency

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15
Q

metabolic disorders

A

change in bicarb concentration

-compensated by respiration

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16
Q

primary respiratory imbalances

A

changes in alveolar ventilation

-compensated by kidneys

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17
Q

causes of metabolic acidosis

A

rumen overload, ketosis, preg tox, hypovolaemic shock, acute D+, strangulating colic, strangulating abomasal torsion, peritonitis, ruptured bladder, excess exercise in horses

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18
Q

causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

fluid sequestration in abomasum, gastric reflux, massive sweat loss, Cl or K depletion, furosemide, pyloric stenosis

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19
Q

paradoxic acidurea

A

metabolic acidosis

-renal H excretion is linked to bicarb, so it cannot be excreted

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20
Q

causes of respiratory acidosis

A

pulmonary dz, airway obstruction, laryngeal edema, aspiration pneumonia, pneumonia, pleuritis, pneumothorax, asthma, CNS resp depression/Dz, drugs

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21
Q

causes of respiratory alkalosis

A

hypoxemia, pulmonary dz, CHF, severe anemia, CNS resp stimulation, hyperventilation, gram negative sepsis, excitement/fear/pain

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22
Q

primary a-b disturbances

A

bicarb and PCO2 always change in the same direction

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23
Q

anion gap

A

(Na + K) - (Cl + Bicarb)

normal 12-17mmol/L

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24
Q

causes of decreased anion gap + hyperCl + hypoK

A

GI losses, renal tubular acidosis

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25
decreased anion gap +hyperCl + hyperK
Addisons dz or renal failure
26
high anion gap
accumulation of lactic acid
27
strong ion difference
(Na, K, Ca, Mg) - (Cl, SO4, Lactate, acetoacetate, BHB)
28
SDH
liver specific in all LA - hepatocellular damage and leakage - active and ongoing liver damage
29
CK is found in
cytoplasm of myocytes
30
CK isoenzymes
CK1BB - brain CK2MB - cardiac muscle CK3MM - skeletal muscle CKMt - mitochondria
31
serum CK levels represent which isoenzyme
CK3 MM
32
Which organ damage produces higher levels of AST
muscle necrosis >> liver
33
GGT is found mostly in
biliary tract
34
elevated GGT indicates
liver damage / biliary obstruction
35
ALP is a marker for
intra or extra hepatic biliary obstruction | -periportal liver damage and biliary obstruction
36
icterus in fasting horses is due to an increase in
unconjugated bilirubin
37
increase in unconjugated bilirubin
indirect - increased production - hemolytic anemia - hepatic uptake is diminished / liver failure - anorexia
38
increase in conjugated bilirubin
direct - liver failure - cholestasis - bile duct obstruction - NI
39
bilirubin in hemolytic anemia is
indirect / unconjugated
40
urine crystals in horses
calcium carbonate
41
urine crystals in foals
calcium oxalate
42
urine crystals in feedlot cattle
struvite | MgNH4PO4-6H2O
43
polychromasia
- regeneration in ruminants | - doesnt occur in horses
44
cytologic signs of lead toxicity
- howell jolly bodies | - basophilic stippling
45
cytologic signs of oxidative damage
- heinz bodies | - eccentrocytes
46
anemia of inflammation
mild to moderate non-regenerative
47
Endotoxemia causes neutrophils to
redistribute from circulating into the marginal pool and tissues
48
bovine leukemia virus causes
persistent lymphocytosis
49
most common leukemia in horses
lymphocytic
50
most common cause of PLE in ruminants
johnes - MAP
51
gold standard assay for platelet function
aggregometry
52
high levels of Ig_ production can hinder platelet function
IgM hinders platelet function via protein coating of platelet surfaces
53
PT
one stage prothrombin time - measure intrinsic (TF) and common coag pathways - add Ca-thromboplastin reagent to plasma, time to fibrin clot formation
54
prolonged PT = deficiency of
-fibrinogen <100 -common factors II, V, X -tissue factor VII >25% increase is significant means >20% decrease in coag factor activity
55
Vit K is needed for coag factors
II, VII, IX, and X
56
Vit K inhibition causes
- deficient carboxylation - inability to bind endothelium - -> PIVKAs
57
PTT
measures intrinsic + common pathways | -add Ca to plasma with partial thromboplastin reagent, time to clot formation
58
prolonged PTT = deficiency of
factors XII, XI, IX, and VIII, and PK (prekallikrein)
59
most important inhibitor of coagulation
antithrombin (ATIII)
60
heparin
necessary cofactor for ATIII
61
causes of low fibrinogen
acute severe DIC acute hepatic necrosis severe hepatic fibrosis hereditary in goats
62
teg can detect:
hyper coagulable states | increased fibrinolysis
63
neutrophil circulatory half life
10 hours
64
platelet life span
7-10 days
65
erythrocyte life span
5 months
66
how to assess for regeneration in anemic horses
bone marrow evaluation

2. Smith and EIM (22 decks)

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