Small Ruminant Viral Diseases and Miscellaneous Conditions Flashcards
The etiology of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)
Lentivirus
What are the 2 syndroms that can be caused by
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)?
Leukoencephalomyelitis
or
Chronic Arthritis
Which of the 2 syndromes associated with
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) is most common?
Chronic Arthritis
Which syndrome associated with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)
are young animals less than 1 year old more likely to get?
Leukoencephalomyelitis
Which syndrome associated with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)
are animals over 6 months old more likely to get?
Chronic arthritis
T/F:
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) is spread via direct contact
FALSE
How is Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) spread?
Spread to kids ingesting infected colostrum at birth
T/F:
A goat that grazes on its knees most likely has footrot
FALSE!
A SHEEP grazing on its knees most likely has footrot.
A GOAT most likely has CAE
A 2 year old goat presents with hard udder and
slowly progressive pain and swelling of its carpus joints.
What is your primary ddx?
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)
A 3 month old goat presents with tetraparesis,
but is eating and drinking normally and is BAR.
What is your primary ddx?
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)
What is the preferred diagnostic test used to identify
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)?
ELISA
How is Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) treated?
IT IS NOT TREATED!
You must CULL affected animals
What is the etiology of Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)?
retrovirus
How is Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) transmitted?
Primary transmission: in milk
Secondary transmission: through nasal secretions and saliva
How long is the incubation period for Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)?
2 years!
Firm udder enlargement in sheep is known as
Hard bag
Hard bag in sheep is caused by this condition
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)
How is Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) diagnosed?
ELISA
What is the etiology of Contagious Ecthyma (Scabby mouth, Orf)?
Parapox virus
Contagious Ecthyma (Scabby mouth, Orf) is
enzootic in lambs and kids _______ months of age,
while older sheep have some immunity
3 - 6 months
You see a young animal with the lesions pictured.
Should you be concerned that you’ll catch it?
YES! Contagious Ecthyma (Scabby mouth, Orf)
is ZOONOTIC (but self-limiting) in humans
Even though Contagious Ecthyma (Scabby mouth, Orf) is most
common in animals 2 - 3 months old,
ewes can present with these lesions on their ________
udders
(from lambs nursing)
How is Contagious Ecthyma (Scabby mouth, Orf) treated?
Symptomatically, no real tx.
How is Contagious Ecthyma (Scabby mouth, Orf) prevented?
Via live vaccine painted onto a scarified area of skin
What is the etiology of Scrapie?
prions
This reportable chronic wasting neurological disease in
sheep is classified as transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
and is caused by prions
SCRAPIE
This breed of sheep is genetically susceptible to Scrapie
Suffolk sheep
What is the incubation period of Scrapie?
2-5 years
What clinical sign is seen earliest in the disease course
of Scrapie in sheep?
PRURITIS
(and see sloughed off wool from rubbing against things)
This sheep has been rubbing against things and its wool is
sloughed off.
What is your primary ddx?
SCRAPIE!
A sheep presents with grinding of teeth, darting tongue movements,
and incoordination, specifically bunny hopping its back feet
and swayback of its back feet. It front legs have a hypermetric gait.
Sometimes you see head and neck tremors.
What is your primary ddx?
SCRAPIE- transmissible spongiform encephalopathy prion disease
How is Scrapie diagnosed?
By using
third-eyelid lymphoid tissue biopsy and PrPSc assay
immunohistochemistry
How is Scrapie treated?
NO TX!
How long can sheep survive after the onset/diagnosis
of Scrapie?
1 - 6 months
How is Scrapie controlled?
By identifying and culling infected sheep and
their entire herd!!
What is the etiology of Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis)?
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
How is Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis) transmitted?
In feces of infected animals that contaminates feed and water
T/F:
In utero transmission of Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis)
can occur
TRUE!
But it is rare
T/F:
In sheep and goats, the major clinical sign of
Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis) is profuse diarrhea
FALSE!!!
In COWS it is diarrhea,
in sheep and goats- soft feces, NOT diarrhea!
What are the main clinical signs you see in sheep and goats
infected with Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis)?
Emaciation, weakness, chronic weight loss
What age group of sheep and goats
are usually affected by
Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis)?
MATURE animals
What is the gold standard for diagnosis of
Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis)?
FECAL CULTURE
(but can take up to 16 weeks for results!)
What do you expect to see on histopath
of an animal with Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis)?
ACID-FAST organisms
New evidence suggests that
Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis) is related to
________ Disease in humans
Crong’s Disease
How is Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis) treated?
NO TX!
Must TEST AND CULL!
Is Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis) reportable?
YES!
What is the etiology of Listeriosis?
Listeria monocytogenes
What are risk factors in sheep and goats
for Listeriosis?
Cold, wet weather
Immunosuppression
Feeding on silage or spoiled feed
_______ is seen early in the disease course of Listeriosis,
but tends to go away
Fever
In the winter, a few animals in a flock of sheep present with
circling, head pressing, and otitis.
Others are seen recumbent.
A few pregnant ewes have aborted.
You notice an old silo with damp green silage being used for feed.
What is your primary ddx and what could be the cause?
Listeriosis
due to SPOILED FEED and cold, wet weather
How is Listeriosis diagnosed?
Tentative diagnosis based on
CSF tap with increased monocytes and protein
How is Listeriosis treated?
ABx, but rarely works and animals usually die.
How is Listeriosis controlled and prevented?
Avoidance of feeding silage.
Rejecting silage with a pH > 5
Thin Ewe/Doe Syndrome typically affects _______ animals
ADULT
Thin Ewe/Doe Syndrome affects ________ animals in the herd.
If ALL animals are thin, consider ________ or ________ disease
Thin Ewe/Doe Syndrome affects 1 -2 animals in the herd.
If ALL animals are thin, consider parasitic or nutritional disease
What is “late cut” hay?
Hay cut once the plant is mature- increased fiber but less nutrients
What is “weathered hay”?
Hay that has been cut and then rained on- brown and loses nutrients
What are the 2 major causes of Thin Ewe/Doe Syndrome?
Inadequate nutrition (late cut or weathered hay)
Diseases (LAMENESS- Foot rot, CAE)
Urolithiasis is usually only a clinical disease in
_______ sheep and goats
MALE
(females have wider urethras and can pass stones)
What are the risk factors for Urolithiasis?
Male animals
Castrated animals
Decreased water availability
Inadequate salt intake
Feeding high grain rations
Why is feeding high grain rations a risk factor for
Urolithiasis?
Grain has
HIGH phosphorus
and
LOW calcium
A few male castrated goats present with
anorexia, depression, tenesmus, and is dribbling urine.
You notice the goats are being fed a lot of grain.
What is your primary ddx?
Urolithiasis
How is Urolithiasis diagnosed?
Exam of the urethral process
(usual site of blockage because it is the narrowest part)
If there is an outbreak of Urolithiasis in a sheep lot,
how do you treat it?
Add CALCIUM to the feed ratio
If Urolithiasis is in the sigmoid flexure, how do you treat?
Abdominal sx and perineal urethrostomy
If Urolithiasis is in the urethral process, how do you treat?
Snip off the urethral process
How is Urolithiasis PREVENTED?
Adequate access to water and salt
Adding Ammonium Chloride to the ration
Maintain Ca/P ratio at 2:1
Avoid feeding high levels of magnesium
What minerals are uroliths made of?
Phosphorus and Magnesium
