Exam 2: Bovine Metabolic Diseases Flashcards
Peak milk yield occurs at _____ weeks post-calving
8 weeks
Fatty Liver Syndrome has peak incidence from
_______ weeks post-partum
2 - 10 weeks
This syndrome is primarily seen in DAIRY cows
overfed during latter lactation or in those with a
long dry period
Fatty Liver Syndrome
What are the clinical signs seen in Fatty Liver Syndrome?
HIGH incidence of POST PARTUM disease
often accompanied by LEUKOPENIA
(often also have other issues like retained placenta or metritis)
How is Fatty Liver Syndrome treated?
50% glucose IV or 25% glucose/25% fructose IV
Protamine Zinc Insulin + Glucose
Choline + Niacin
PROPYLENE GLYCOL or SODIUM PROPRIONATE
ABx (for 2ndary infx)
______ ketosis occurs due to negative energy balance,
especially early in lactation
Primary
Secondary ketosis is related to ______, secondary to another dz
anorexia
Which form of ketosis is most likely to be seen?
Secondary ketosis
The nervous form of this condition in lactating cows occasionally occurs,
causing the cows to self-mutilate. Rabies is always a DDx for this.
Ketosis
What clinical signs do you expect to see with ketosis?
decreased appetite and milk production
some degree of hypocalcemia
odor of ketones on breath, urine, and in milk
What tests are used to diagnose ketosis?
Powder or Dipstick test
Ketones are more concentrated in _____ than in milk
urine
What drugs are used to stimulate gluconeogenesis in the treatment
of bovine ketosis
Dexamethasone/Flumethasone
or
Bovine Somatotropin
What is the best treatment for bovine ketosis?
500 cc of 50% glucose RAPID IV
The cow utilizes _______% of the glucose its given
when treating ketosis with 500 cc of 50% glucose rapid IV
80%
How do you prevent bovine ketosis?
Maintain proper BCS (3.5/5) from the dry period through calving
Pregnancy toxemia occurs more frequently in _______ cows and small ruminants
BEEF
Parturient paresis is also known as
milk fever
Which cow breeds are predisposed to milk fever?
Jersey and Guernsey
What calcium level do you expect to see in a Downer Cow?
7.5 mg/dL
What is the normal calcium level in a cow?
9 - 12 mg/dL
What happens if a non-lactating cow is fed a high calcium diet?
Parathyroid gland slows down and stops producing PTH,
resulting in decreased calcium mobilization
T/F:
Milk fever can be the basis for abomasal displacement, metritis, mastitis,
or anything that has to do with failure of muscle movement of internal organs
TRUE
You see a DOWN COW with COLD EARS.
What is your primary ddx?
Parturient Paresis (Milk Fever)
Stage _____ of Milk Fever happens very quickly and is often not seen.
It includes hypersensitivity, excitement, twitching, and incoordination
Stage 1
A cow in sternal recumbency with head to the side, and signs related to
lack of muscular activity (failure of defecation or urination, slightly bloated),
subnormal temperature and dilated pupils is in
this stage of MILK FEVER
Stage 2
In this stage of Milk Fever,
all muscles are flaccid, and cow is unable to remain in sternal recumbency,
so it falls into lateral recumbency.
It runs the risk of aspirating and dying
Stage 3
How is milk fever treated?
IV Calcium Borogluconate
T/F:
One sign you may see in cows with milk fever is lack of a PLR
TRUE
What is the first sign you see after treating a cow with milk fever
with IV Calcium Borogluconate to know your tx is working?
Muscle fasciculations
What signs do you see after treating a cow with milk fever
with IV Calcium Borogluconate to know your tx is working?
1- Muscle fasciculations
2- heart speeds up
3- eructation
4- defecation and urination
What medication is administed orally after IV treatment with Calcium Borogluconate
in order to prevent a relapse of milk fever?
Electrolyte paste- Calcium chloride
Preventing Milk Fever:
Do not overfeed calcium (alfalfa) in the ______period
dry
Preventing Milk Fever:
Increase feeding of _______ salts during the dry period
anionic
What does DECAD stand for?
Dietary cation anion difference
Preventing Milk Fever:
The DECAD in the transition period should be _______
- 10 to -15
Preventing Milk Fever:
The DECAD after calving should be _______
closer to +40
Post-partum hemoglobinuria is due to deficiency of _________
phosphate
Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia)
occurs within _______ weeks of calving
6 weeks
Are grazing cattle, or grain fed cattle, more at risk for
Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia)?
Grazing cattle
This is the most common deficiency seen worldwide in cattle
Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia)
Which animals are most severely affected by
Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia)?
YOUNG animals
Heavily lactating dairy cows
Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia)
occurs during the time of peak _______
peak lactation
Decreased phosphate results in weak _______
RBCs
What clinical signs do you expect to see in YOUNG animals
with Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia)?
Physeal enlargement
Rickets
Stiffness
Bowed legs
What clinical signs do you expect to see in ADULT animals
with Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia)?
Osteomalacia, stiffness
Spontaneous fractures
PICA
Hemoglobinuria
How is Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia) treated?
Sodium acid phosphate IV
+
phosphate mineral supplement to prevent it in the whole herd
Grass tetany/staggers is due to ________ deficiency
magnesium
This condition tends to occur when cattle feed on lush green,
highly fertilized pastures during the cool growing season
Hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany/Staggers)
An influencing factor of Hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany/Staggers)
is the _______ level around the root of fescue grass, which affects
if Mg and Ca can get into the plant
phosphorus
What is the ideal Ca:Mg ratio?
2.2
What are clinical signs associated with
Hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany/Staggers)?
HYPEREXCITABILITY
Muscle spasms
Aberrant behavior progressing through staggering to lateral recumbency
Opisthotonos, nystagmus
Salivation, foaming at the mouth
1st sign: weight loss, decreased milk
Low magnesium, less than _______ mg/dL
is diagnostic of Hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany/Staggers)
<1.2 mg/dL
T/F:
Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hyperphosphatemia
may be seen in conjunction in the case of
(Grass Tetany/Staggers)
true
How is Hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany/Staggers) treated?
Magnesium hypophosphate
and
Calcium
To prevent Hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany/Staggers),
the soil Ca:Mg ratio should be ______
and the soil K:Mg ratio should be ______
Ca:Mg = 5:1
K:Mg = 2:1
Define downer cow
Cow that remains in sternal recumbency 24 hours after first being found
In downer cows,
pressure necrosis occurs within _______ hours
5 - 6 hours
Downer cows can occur as the result of difficult parturition
and nerve damage of these nerves
Obturator nerve (most common)
Sciatic nerve
T/F:
Downer cows are BAR with normal temperature, respiration, and CV signs
True
T/F:
Calcium levels are NORMAL in downer cows
true
The levels of these 2 substances is increased in downer cows
due to muscle damage
AST, CPK
How is diagnosis made in downer cow syndrome?
By ruling out other diseases!
Always do a ________ exam on a downer cow
rectal
A continual rise in these 2 values signifies a poor prognosis
for downer cows
CPK, BUN
Prevention of _________ is very important in preventing downer cow syndrome
hypocalcemia
Always examine the ________ of a downer cow,
to rule out coliform mastitis
udders
