Anemias and Cardiovascular Diseases Flashcards
What are the 2 most common causes of anemia?
Parasitism
Nutritional deficiency
_________ deficiency is the #1 deficiency seen in dairy cattle
worldwide
Phosphorus
What are the 2 etiologies of
post-partum hemoglobinuria?
Hypophosphatemia
Guaifenesin
What is the 2nd most common deficiency seen
in cattle worldwide?
Copper deficiency
Copper deficiency can be secondary to
________ excess
molybdenum
_______ deficiency is associated with high GIT parasite loads
like Ostertagia
Cobalt (B12)
What are the 4 potential causes of
Anemias of Inflammatory Disease?
Chronic infection
Chronic inflammation
Fractures or severe trauma
Neoplasia (BLV)
T/F:
Congenital porphyria can cause anemia.
TRUE
This type of anemia can be caused by
bracken fern poisoning or soybeal meal toxicity
leading to bone marrow damage or dysplasia
APLASTIC anemia
How does water intoxication in young calves when first weaned
lead to anemia?
Massive water intake produces marked hypotonicity
and leads to intravascular hemolysis
This congenital cardiovascular disease is characterized by
poor growth, lethargy, exercise intolerance,
and a loud, holosystolic murmur
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
This congenital cardiovascular disease is characterized
by a calf born with its heart outside of its chest and located in
its throat
Ectopia Cordis Cervicalis
This congenital cardiovascular disease is
hereditary and recessive in Holstein cattle.
Calves are born normal but acquire many infections in the first weeks
of life. This can look similar to failure of passive transfer and is due to
leukocytes that cannot properly phagocytize bacteria.
Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (BLAD)
This cardiovascular disease occurs after
systemic infections where bacteria lodges in the heart valves.
It is characterized by a holosystolic or holodiastolic murmur.
Will also see tachycardia, jugular distension, SQ edema, ascites,
and fever.
Valvular Vegetative Endocarditis
What do you expect to see on a hemogram of an animal with
Valvular Vegetative Endocarditis?
neutrophils with a left shift (neutrophilia)
How is Valvular Vegetative Endocarditis treated?
ABx (3 - 5 days)
On necropsy, you find cauliflower lesions on the heart valve
of a cow. What is your primary ddx?
Valvular Vegetative Endocarditis
Brisket Disease is also known as
Pulmonary hypertension
or
High altitude disease
What is the etiology of Brisket Disease (High Altitude Disease)?
Cows taken from low to high altitude to graze
undergo hypoxic vasoconstriction. This results in
heart failure which causes edema in the brisket area (between forelimbs)
What clinical signs do you expect to see in
Brisket Disease/High Altitude Disease?
Signs of right CHF
SQ edema of brisket
Bottle jaw
Jugular distension, tachycardia, pulmonary hypertension, murmurs
What is the most common heart tumor in cattle?
Lymphosarcoma
What ingestable toxins are associated with cardiomyopathy?
Ionophores
Plants- Cassia, Phalaris
Deficiency of these 4 substances are associated with cardiomyopathy
Vit E
Selenium
Copper
Sulfate
What is the most common etiology of pericarditis?
TRAUMA from penetrating foreign body of reticulum
(reticulum sits behind heart, penetrates reticulum, diaphragm, and pericardium)
What are the 4 most common signs of CHF?
Peripheral edema
Jugular vein distension
Tachypnea
Dyspnea
This, if heard on auscultation, is
pathognomonic for pericarditis
SPLASHING HEART SOUNDS
(fluid and gas in the pericardial sac)
Can also hear muffled heard sounds
How is pericarditis treated?
ABx
Surgery is just a salvage procedure for slaughter- PERICARDIOSTOMY
Atrial fibrillation is _____ in cattle
RARE
Atrial fibrillation may accompany ______ disease
GIT
Atrial fibrillation may be a sequelae to hypo________
hypocalcemia
How is Atrial fibrillation diagnosed in cattle?
A pulse deficit is seen with ECG or by comparing HR to pulse!
How is Atrial fibrillation treated in cattle?
Quinidine Gluconate!
(or may spontaneously correct)
Infection of the umbilicus soon after birth is known as
omphalitis
The umbilicus contains what 4 structures?
Umbilical vein
Umbilical artery
Lateral ligaments of the bladder
Urachus
Out of the 4 components of the umbilicus,
which is the most likely to be infected?
Urachus
How is Omphalitis treated?
ABx
Sx drainage or removal
How is omphalitis prevented?
By dipping the navel in 2% iodine/betadine
