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RUSVM LAM II Practice Questions > Exam 2: Bovine Digestive Problems > Flashcards

Exam 2: Bovine Digestive Problems Flashcards

1
Q

This pain response test, called the withers depression test,

is also known as the _______ test.

If the cow does not move away from pressure exerted,

they are painful deep in abdomen and may have an

expiratory grunt

A

SCOOTCH

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2
Q

_______ in feces is indicative of inflammation/infection,

and seen in diseases such as Salmonella and BVD

A

Fibrin

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3
Q

In regards to pH:

The rumen is normally _______.

Fiber diets have _________ pH and

grain/starch diets have __________ pH

A

The rumen is normally acidic

Fiber diets have higher (basic) pH and

grain/starch diets have lower (acidic) pH

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4
Q

Which of the following can be involved in primary indigestion:

Rumen

Reticulum

Omasum

Abomasum

A

Rumen

Reticulum

Omasum

NOT ABOMASUM

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5
Q

Which of the following can be involved in secondary indigestion:

Rumen

Reticulum

Omasum

Abomasum

A

Abomasum!

(along with liver, pharynx, systemic dz, high fever, mastitis, foot rot)

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6
Q

In regards to normal forestomach physiology:

Contraction starts in the ________, the dorsal sac first, then the ventral sac.

A

Reticulum

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7
Q

In regards to normal forestomach physiology:

The primary cycle is responsible for _________

and

The secondary cycle is responsible for _________

A

primary = MIXING

secondary = ERUCTATION

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8
Q

BLOAT is defined as distension of the ________ with gas,

and is due to a failure in ________

A

BLOAT is defined as distension of the rumen with gas,

and is due to a failure in eructation

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9
Q

Microbial fermentation results in these two gases to

be formed in the rumen

A

methane

carbon dioxide

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10
Q

T/F:

Bloat is due to excess gas production from overactivity of microbes in the rumen

A

FALSE!

Bloat is due to failure of the ERUCTATION process

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11
Q

Cows fed clover, alfalfa, and soybean,

can have legume pasture bloat,

which is also known as this type of bloat,

where gas is trapped in bubbles and cannot be eructated

A

FROTHY bloat

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12
Q

The 3 causes of bloat:

Failure of the ________ to relax

Obstruction of the _________ or ________

Failure of the ________ muscle contraction

A

The 3 causes of bloat:

Failure of the cardia to relax

Obstruction of the esophagus or cardia

Failure of the reticulo-ruminal muscle contraction

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13
Q

How is bloat diagnosed?

A

Passing a stomach tube to

determine if obstruction, frothy bloat, or free gas bloat

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14
Q

This is the emergency treatment for bloat in ruminants

where a hole is created in the rumen to release the pressure.

Before removing, it is important to instill

___________ to reduce the risk of peritonitis

A

Trocharization

Procaine-Penicillin

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15
Q

For acute bloat or frothy bloat, foam destabilizers can be administered.

Therabloat, also known as _______,

is a surfactant specifically designed for treating bloat.

It destabilizes the foam to the free form so the animal can eructate

A

POLOXALENE

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16
Q

Ruminal hypomotility or stasis results from

absence of ______ input from gastric centers

A

vagal

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17
Q

What do you expect to see on bloodwork

of an animal with traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

A

Neutrophilic leukocytosis with a left shift (between 12,000 and 20,000)

Immature WBCs seen in peripheral blood

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18
Q

An animal presents with fever and is depressed.

You hear an expiratory grunt and an arched back stance with abducted elbows.

In addition, you hear muffled heart sounds and see distended jugular veins.

What is your primary ddx?

A

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis from a sharp foreign body

that has resulted in pericarditis due to penetration of the heart

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19
Q

In order to prevent hardware disease, a heavy magnet can be given

prophylactically, and is dropped into the reticulum

in heifers ________ years old

A

1.5 - 2 years old

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20
Q

Anterior functional stenosis results in ________ transport failure,

but ingesta will NOT reflux back into the rumen in this case

A

omasal

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21
Q

Posterior functional stenosis results in a failure of the

_________ to empty into the pylorus.

This is characterized by ingesta refluxing back into the rumen

A

abomasums

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22
Q

What is the normal level of chloride in a cow?

A

99 - 110

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23
Q

In regards to vagal indigestion,

how is anterior and posterior functional stenosis differentiated?

A

In posterior functional stenosis, the cow refluxes fluid from

abomasum back into the rumen, resulting in sequestration of chloride.

You will see HYPOchloremia on bloodwork which differentiates the two.

The lower it gets, the worse the prognosis.

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24
Q

What is the pH of normal RUMEN fluid?

A

slightly ACIDIC

roughage diet = 6.0 - 7.0

grain diet = 5.5 - 6.5

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25
Q

What is the chloride concentration in normal RUMEN fluid?

A

<30 mEq/liter

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26
Q

What microbes are found in normal RUMEN fluid?

A

Bacteria (mostly anaerobes)

and

Protozoa

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27
Q

Acute ruminal acidosis is the most severe

form of _______ indigestion,

due to excess amounts of carbohydrates

A

fermentative

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28
Q

If an animal survives Acute Ruminal Acidosis,

what problems may you see as a sequela to this?

A

Mycotic rumenitis

Liver abscesses

Polioencephalomalacia (due to thiamine-producing bacteria dying off)

Laminitis

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29
Q

You’re called out to a farm and several cows are

completely anorectic and markedly depressed.

They are dehydrated and abdominal distension is evident.

Upon auscultation, you note rumen atony.

A couple of cows have begun to have diarrhea.

History from the farmer reveals an increase in grain to their diet just yesterday.

What is your primary ddx?

A

Acute Ruminal Acidosis

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30
Q

You’re called out to a farm and several cows are anorectic, depressed,

dehydrated, with abdominal distension and diarrhea. You diagnose them

with Acute Ruminal Acidosis. How do you treat these cows?

A

Alkalinizing agents: Bicarb, Magnesium carbonate

Antibiotics: Penicillin (kill strep and lactobacillus)

Fluids

Antihistamines and Flunixin (counteract endotoxin)

Thiamine (prevent polioencephalomalacia)

Rumen Transfaunation

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31
Q

Chronic Rumen Acidosis aka Sub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis

occurs mainly in ______ cows,

and is the basis of many ______ diseases in these cows

A

Chronic Rumen Acidosis aka Sub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis

occurs mainly in dairy cows,

and is the basis of many hoof diseases in these cows

specifically LAMINITIS

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32
Q

What are some conditions seen in dairy cows

due to Chronic Rumen Acidosis aka Sub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis?

A

LOW milk butterfat test

Chronic laminitis

Chronic indigestion

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33
Q

How is Chronic Rumen Acidosis aka Sub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis

prevented/treated in dairy cows?

A

The ration should include MORE fiber and roughage

with adequate PARTICLE SIZE, and buffer the ration with

Sodium Bicarb

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34
Q

Treating abnormal ruminal pH:

What is given to an animal with ruminal pH < 5.5?

A

Alkalinizing Agents:

Magnesium hydroxide

and

Magnesium carbonate

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35
Q

Treating abnormal ruminal pH:

What is given to an animal with ruminal pH > 7.5?

A

Acidifying Agents:

Vinegar and Acetic Acid

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36
Q

The proper term for “over-eating disease”

characterized by sudden death in feedlot cattle

A

ENTEROtoxemia

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37
Q

What is the infectious agent that causes Over-eating disease

(aka enterotoxemia), an acute infectious but NOT contagious disease

characterized by sudden death in feedlot cattle?

A

Clostridium perfringens Type A, C, or D

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38
Q

In regards to Enterotoxemia:

Which type of clostridium perfringens is associated with

GI hemorrhage in cattle?

It causes acute onset, painful distended abdomen, may see blood clots in rectum

and is seen in 2nd lactation or greater cows <100 days in milk?

A

Type A clostridium perfringens

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39
Q

In regards to Enterotoxemia:

Which type of clostridium perfringens is associated with

hemorrhagic enteritis in CALVES very soon after birth

(even 10 to 20 mins afterbirth)

due to ingestion of organisms in colostrum

A

Type C clostridium perfringens

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40
Q

In regards to Enterotoxemia:

Which type of clostridium perfringens is associated with

mucoid and catarrhal enteritis in feedlot cattle, with mortality near 100%

and signs of convulsions, paralysis of posterior limbs, and colic signs?

A

Type D clostridium perfringens

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41
Q

How is enterotoxemia due to clostridium perfringens prevented?

A

ANTIBIOTICS in feed

Rumen buffers

Avoid overfilling on concentrates

Gradually getting cattle on feed

Vaccination

42
Q

What clinical signs are associated with PERITONITIS in cows?

A

ROACHED BACK stance- arched back, pain

Bruxism- teeth grinding

Expiratory grunt

Rectal exam reveals ADHESIONS or STOVEPIPE RECTUM

Shock, fever, pain, bloated appearance

43
Q

On rectal exam, chronic peritonitis may reveal adhesions, or

“Stovepipe Rectum”.

Crepitation is felt on palpation.

______ adhesions signify a new event, up to 2 weeks old,

while

____ adhesions signify an older event, and won’t break down with rectal exam

A

On rectal exam, chronic peritonitis may reveal adhesions, or

“Stovepipe Rectum”.

Crepitation is felt on palpation.

Fibrinous adhesions signify a new event, up to 2 weeks old,

while

Fibrous adhesions signify an older event, and won’t break down with rectal exam

44
Q

Left Abomasal Displacement is a disease

with a multifactorial etiology.

What are the causes?

A

Genetic factors

Physical factors

(lack of exercise, stomach displacement due to pregnancy, reclining on the right side)

Nutrition (small particle size)

Atony of the ABOMASUM

(secondary to another disease or diet with too much VFAs)

45
Q

________ Displaced Abomasum

is primary seen in female dairy cows

and is VERY RARE to see in beef cows

A

LEFT displaced abomasum (LDA)

46
Q

LEFT displaced abomasum (LDA) is usually diagnosed

within _____ weeks post-partum in lactating cows (4 - 6 years old most common).

If they are kept in stalls in the dry period, condition is also more likely

A

6 weeks

47
Q

A 5 year old holstein heifer that calved about a month and a half ago,

has a selective appetite for roughage and won’t eat grain.

She has decreased milk production.

Auscultation of the left flank reveals a “tinkling” sound,

and a ping that sounds like flicking a basketball is heard.

Bloodwork shows hypochloremia and a metabolic alkalosis.

What is your primary ddx?

A

LEFT displaced abomasum

48
Q

How is LEFT Displaced Abomasum treated conservatively?

A

ROLLING the cow

  • Put cow down on RIGHT side, roll into dorsal recumbency, roll onto left,*
  • let her stand when ready. Fill rumen with warm water and give*
  • smooth muscle stimulants afterwards*
49
Q

A bull presents very ill with sudden onset of distended abdomen, high fever,

and is not passing feces. He is not eating grain OR roughage,

and bloodwork reveals HYPOchloremia and metabolic alkalosis.

What is your primary ddx?

A

RIGHT displaced abomasum

(omasum or reticulum may also be affected)

Prognosis poor with anion gap > 30 mEq/L

50
Q

This condition has a high rate of occurrence in veal calves,

and may be a sequela to GI disease like BVD or LSA.

Anemia and poor thrift result, and peritonitis might be seen.

Melena is the primary clinical sign seen.

A

Abomasal ulcers- large bleeding type

51
Q

How are abomasal ulcers treated?

A

Antibiotics and GI protectants

52
Q

What type of drugs are contraindicated in treatment of abomasal ulcers?

A

ANTIPROSTAGLANDIN drugs

53
Q

What is the most likely cause of abomasal impaction in beef cattle?

A

ingestion of poor quality roughages in large amounts

54
Q

What is the most likely cause of abomasal impaction in CALVES?

A

Hair balls from grooming that block the pylorus

55
Q

What is the most likely cause of abomasal impaction in ALL cattle?

A

sand or foreign bodies, like TWINE

aka PICA

eat sand when craving roughages

56
Q

A cow presents with a peculiar stretching stance (trestle-table stance).

She has reduced fecal output and has a slightly increased heart rate.

She is hypothermic and depressed, and bloodwork shows

HYPOchloremia.

What is your primary ddx?

A

Intestinal obstructions

(trestle-table stance in order to take weight off the abomasum)

57
Q

_______ prolapse is seen in sheep when the tail is docked too proximally

A

Rectal prolapse

58
Q

Rectal prolapse is usually a sequelae to _______

A

tenesmus

59
Q

What are some toxins associated with rectal prolapse?

A

Lead

Zinc

Estrogen

60
Q

How is rectal prolapse treated?

A

SUGAR (draw out fluid and edema)

+

PURSE STRING SUTURE

61
Q

How is salmonellosis transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route

62
Q

T/F:

The majority of cases of salmonellosis are subclinical in cattle

A

TRUE

63
Q

Septicemic animals with salmonellosis shed in which secretions/fluids?

A

Oral/nasal secretions

Urine

Feces

Aerosol

64
Q

salmonella is killed by exposure to ________ in normally functioning rumens

A

VFAs

65
Q

Which type of salmonella is responsible for significant zoonotic disease,

like in kids playing with turtles for example?

A

Salmonella typhimurium

66
Q

What are the 5 iceberg diseases we talked about in class?

A

Anaplasmosis

Johne’s Disease

Bovine Leukosis

Salmonella

Mastitis

67
Q

What is the etiology of Winter Dysentery?

A

Coronavirus

68
Q

In January, you’re called to a farm because all of a sudden, an entire dairy herd presents with severely depressed milk production.

Some of the cows have watery brown, fetid diarrhea with flecks of blood,

but there is no fever, and they have a good appetite.

What is your primary ddx and how do you treat?

A

Winter Dystery (Coronavirus)

Intestinal astringents- Oral TANNIC ACID, COPPER SULFATE

69
Q

This parasite is found in the abomasum of grazing/pasture cattle

and can result in BOTTLE JAW, ill thrift, diarrhea, and a poor hair coat.

A

Ostertagia

70
Q

The plasma level of ________ is elevated in

cases of Ostertagia in the abomasum

A

Elevated plasma PEPSINOGEN

71
Q

You’re called out to an old farm. Cattle are showing signs of

HEMORRHAGIC DIARRHEA, and some have CNS signs.

A couple cows have died, but the suckling calves are completely

unaffected. What is your primary ddx?

A

Arsenic toxicosis

(Lead arsenic binds to milk- suckling calves unaffected)

72
Q

What is the number 1 cause of diarrhea in neonates?

A

E. coli

73
Q

What is the #1 risk factor for development of

neonatal diarrhea complex?

A

Colostrum deficiency (poor quality or inadequate volume)

74
Q

A 3 day old calf presents with diarrhea with fresh red blood

and is straining. All signs point to Coccidiosis (Eimeria), but

fecal smear is coccidia negative.

What is the cause of the diarrhea in this neonate?

A

Cryptosporidia (no treatment)

75
Q

T/F:

Cryptosporidia is zoonotic

A

TRUE

76
Q

At LEAST _______ mg/dL of immunoglobulin in colostrum

is considered adequate

A

1,000 mg/dL

77
Q

What device is used to tell you how much immunoglobulin

is in colostrum?

A

Colostrometer

78
Q

Acute death from E.coli in calves is due to

A

dehydration

79
Q

_______ contaminated feed and water resulting in septicemic invasion

results in low-grade diarrhea mostly in young calves under 4 days old

A

E. coli

80
Q

This agent of neonatal diarrhea complex, is usually seen in

calves less than 2 weeks old.

Death can come so quickly that clinical signs are never noted.

Calves on a HIGH PLANE OF NUTRITION (the ones that are doing the best),

are the ones that get sick from this.

A

Clostridium perfringens Type B and C

enterotoxemia

81
Q

This viral agent of neonatal diarrhea complex

is isolated in feces from both healthy and sick calves.

Usually affects calves that are a few days old.

Calves recover but are predisposed to other infections that kill

due to intestinal damage caused by this agent.

A

ROTAVIRUS

82
Q

This agent of neonatal diarrhea complex

is usually seen in calves 3 weeks and older.

It can be spread on the farm by CATS and DOGS,

and just 1,000 oocysts can result in the destruction of 24 billion intestinal cells.

A

Coccidiosis

83
Q

This agent of neonatal diarrhea complex

is usually detected at 10 to 12 days of age, but affects

calves less than 3 days old. It is ZOONOTIC, and the only treatment

is fluids and electrolytes.

A

Cryptosporidia

84
Q

In the pathogenesis of neonatal diarrhea complex:

________ cause hypersecretion by crypt cell epithelium

A

Enterotoxins

85
Q

In the pathogenesis of neonatal diarrhea complex:

________ due to viral damage leads to malabsorption

A

Villous atrophy

86
Q

How is neonatal diarrhea complex treated?

A

ISOLATION of calf

Withhold milk for at least 24 HOURS and feed glucose/electrolyte solution instead

Plasma/Immunoglobulins

Aspirin/Flunixin (block endotoxin)

Bismuth/Kaopectate (coat GIT)

87
Q

Why do you withhold milk for at least 24 HOURS and feed glucose/electrolyte solution instead, rather than feeding milk and solution together

in neonatal diarrhea cases?

A

Electrolytes interfere with CURD FORMATION IN THE ABOMASUM

if given at the same time

88
Q

T/F:

If giving oxytocin to let down milk, there will not be enough

immunoglobulins in the milk to confer adequate passive transfer to the calf

A

TRUE

89
Q

Colostrum absorption is best during the first

_______ hours of birth.

After _______ hours, colostrum is not absorbed any longer

A

Colostrum absorption is best during the first

8 hours of birth.

After 24 hours, colostrum is not absorbed any longer

90
Q

What blood test is used to test calves for IgG transfer levels?

A

Midland Quick Test

91
Q

You test a calf’s blood with a Midland quick test for IgG transfer level.

You see ONE LINE at the “C” position.

What does this mean?

A

That IgG levels are > 10 mg/mL

and adequate transfer has occured

92
Q

What 7 diseases can be transferred through colostrum?

A

Johne’s Dz

Salmonella

BVD

Infectious Mastitis

Bovine Leukosis

Mycoplasma

Leptospirosis

93
Q

What is the 4x4x4 Rule?

A

Feed:

4 QUARTS of colostrum

to calf within

4 HOURS of life

and within

4 HOURS of parturition

94
Q

Bovine liver flukes predispose cows to which other diseases?

A

Bacillary hemoglobinuria via

Clostridium hemolytica

95
Q

How do you treat for liver flukes in cattle?

A

Clorsulon

Albendazole

96
Q

The highest incidence of this disease

occurs in fluke infested cattle

A

Bacillary hemoglobinuria

97
Q

What agent causes bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A

Clostridium HEMOLYTICA TYPE D

98
Q

________ necrosis is seen post-mortem in animals with

bacillary hemoglobinuria.

Surviving animals may show PORT WINE COLORED URINE

A

Liver

99
Q

What is the agent of black leg in cattle?

A

Clostridium novyi

(associated with immature liver flukes)

100
Q

What are the 2 causative agents of liver ABSCESSES in cattle?

A

Fusobacterium

Corynebacterium

101
Q

Fusobacterium is an organism that causes

small abscesses (white spots) throughout the liver in cattle.

Clinical signs include rumenitis from rumen acidosis,

weight loss, and decreased milk production.

This bacteria is also the cause of ________,

so the vaccine for this helps prevent the liver abscesses.

A

FOOT ROT

RUSVM LAM II Practice Questions (19 decks)

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