Small Ruminant Bacterial Diseases Flashcards
What is the causative agent of foot rot?
Dichelobacter (bacteroides) nodosus
This breed of sheep is most susceptible to foot rot
Merino sheep
When trying to eradicate foot rot, you must remember that
the bacteria can survive in the environment for up to
______ weeks
2
A flock of merino sheep presents with lameness and is seen
grazing on their knees. Upon inspection,
you notice swelling and moistness of the interdigital cleft.
What is the condition and causative agent?
Foot Rot- Dichelobacter (bacteroides) nodosus
How is Foot Rot- Dichelobacter (bacteroides) nodosus
treated?
FOOT BATHING for 60 minutes Q5days in
2% Zinc Sulfate, 2% Sodium Laurel Sulfate
+
Parenteral ABx: Procaine Penicillin or Oxytetracycline
What is the etiology of caseous lymphadenitis?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
How is caseous lymphadenitis (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis)
spread?
Via contact with a draining abscess
Sheep with caseous lymphadenitis
(Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis)
usually have ________ abscesses,
in the mediastinum or abdomen.
Sheep- INTERNAL abscesses
Goats with caseous lymphadenitis
(Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis)
usually have ________ abscesses,
around their head and neck
Goats- EXTERNAL lymph node abscesses
How is caseous lymphadenitis (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis)
treated?
IT’S NOT!
You must CULL all infected animals
What is the causative agent of sheep and goat pinkeye?
Mycoplasma chlamydia
Pink eye (Mycoplasma chlamydia) is associated with
secondary infections with this
Branhamella (Moraxella) ovis
What are the risk factors for Pink eye (Mycoplasma chlamydia)?
Warm summer months
Long grass, flies
Recent introduction of new animals from sale barn
How is Pink eye (Mycoplasma chlamydia) treated?
Oxytetracycline - ointment or injectable(better systemic)
+
Flunixin
T/F:
Treatment of Pink eye (Mycoplasma chlamydia)
may prolong recovery and lead to quicker reinfection
TRUE!
(But tx anyway because condition is so painful)
T/F:
Pink eye (Mycoplasma chlamydia) cannot be transmitted to humans.
FALSE!
It is Zoonotic
Clostridium perfringens Type _____
affects lambs less than 3 weeks old
and occurs in crowded, dirty environments.
B
Clostridium perfringens Type _____
causes STRUCK in adult sheep on pasture.
C
Clostridium perfringens Type C causes
localized enterotoxemia of the small intestine
in adult sheep. This is commonly known as
STRUCK
Clostridium perfringens Type _____
causes hemorrhagic enterotoxemia in
young lambs and kids less than 1 week old
C
Pulpy Kidney is associated with Clostridium perfringens Type _____
D
Clostridium perfringens Type D
is most common in
lambs _______ weeks old
3 - 10 weeks
This type of Clostridium perfringens
usually affects the animals with the BEST body condition
that are growing most rapidly
Type D
The finding of glucosuria in a moribund 6 week old lamb
with very good BCS would be presumptive evidence of
Enterotoxemia caused by
Clostridium perfringens Type D
An inflammatory disease in the abomasal lining of sheep caused by the bacterium Clostridium septicum
Braxy
Braxy, caused by this type of clostridium is most common in
lambs 4 - 10 weeks old
OR
6 - 12 months old
Clostridium septicum
Braxy, caused by Clostridium septicum is most common in
lambs _____ weeks old
OR
_____ months old
Braxy, caused Clostridium septicum is most common in
lambs 4 - 10 weeks old
OR
6 - 12 months old
Eating frosted forage is a risk factor for
clostridium ______ induced abomasal inflammatory disease
septicum
What is the causative agent of “Black Disease”
Clostridium NOVYI
What is the causative agent of “Black Leg”?
Clostridium CHAUVEOI
Black disease, caused by Clostridium novyi,
is seen in animals _____ years of age
1 - 4 years
This acute, febrile, highly fatal disease of cattle and sheep is caused by Clostridium chauvoei (post injury/tail docking/castration)
and is characterized by emphysematous swelling,
commonly affecting heavy muscles (clostridial myositis).
It is better known as:
Black LEG
What is the causative agent of “Big Head” of Rams?
Clostridium sordellii
Big Head, an acute, nongaseous, nonhemorrhagic, edematous,
swelling of the head, face, and neck of young rams,
is initiated from continual butting of one another
resulting in injured tissue being easily infected
by this bacteria.
Clostridium sordellii
Sawhorse stance is pathognomonic for
Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
What are the risk factors for Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
in small ruminants?
Wounds
Cohabitation with horses
Tail binding or castration with rubber band
How does tail binding or castration with rubber band
increase the risk of tetanus in small ruminants?
Risk is increased because this method creates a
necrotic, anaerobic environment
What is the cause of death in animals with tetanus?
Starvation because they cannot eat
due to trismus (lockjaw) and sawhorse stance (unable to move)
How is Tetanus (Clostridium tetani) treated?
Symptomatically with Penicillin and tube feeding
What is the tetanus vaccine schedule for sheep?
Vaccinate ewes during gestation (pass antibodies to lambs)
Vaccinate after weaning: 2 doses, 2 months apart, with annual booster
What is the causative agent of bacterial pneumonia?
Mannheimia haemolytica
Why are lambs and ewes who have just lambed
more at risk for bacterial pneumonia (Mannheimia haemolytica)?
The stress of lambing in conjunction with the
high levels of corticosteroids resulting from pregnancy and parturition
lead to immunosuppression, allowing
(Mannheimia haemolytica) to proliferate and cause bacterial pneumonia
Why is bacterial pneumonia (Mannheimia haemolytica) seen in
ruminants more often than horses?
Because (Mannheimia haemolytica) contains a
leukotoxin that kills only ruminant WBCs
so they cannot fight off the infection!
Adenovirus and parainflueza virus
predispose ruminants to developing this
Bacterial Mannheimia pneumonia
An ewe who has just lambed presents with open mouth breathing,
high fever, and frothing around the mouth.
What is your primary ddx?
Bacterial pneumonia (Mannheimia haemolytica)
T/F:
Mannheimia haemolytica is a normal inhabitant of the
ovine nasopharynx, but under specific conditions, can
proliferate and cause pneumonia
TRUE
How is bacteral mannheimia pneumonia treated?
High doses of Procaine Penicillin
or
Tetracycline
