Small Ruminant Metabolic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

This metabolic disease is due to

negative energy balance in late gestation

A

Pregnancy Toxemia

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2
Q

What are the risk factors for pregnancy toxemia?

A

Late gestation, multiple lambs/kids

Thin animals

Over conditioned animals

Concurrent disease affecting feed intake (foot rot, dominant animal)

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3
Q

What clinical signs do you expect to see in animals with

pregnancy toxemia?

A

Separation from flock

Head-pressing, star-gazing

Ketone smell to breath

Recumbency

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4
Q

This is a poor prognostic indicator for pregnancy toxemia

A

High blood glucose

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5
Q

Are animals with pregnancy toxemia hypo or hyperglycemic?

A

IT DEPENDS on the stage they are in!

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6
Q

How do you prevent pregnancy toxemia?

A

Feed a higher plane of nutrition, especially in the last

4-6 weeks of gestation

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7
Q

Why is it important to know the blood glucose status of

animals with pregnancy toxemia?

A

To know how to treat!

Give GLUCOSE to HYPOglycemic

Give INSULIN to HYPERglycemic

Don’t mix up or will kill animal!

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8
Q

What is the BEST way to treat pregnancy toxemia?

A

Terminate pregnancy via C-SECTION!

(Not induce, too weak and will lose both mom and baby)

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9
Q

These plants can cause hypocalcemia in small ruminants

A

Oxalate rich plants- PHILODENDRON

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10
Q

What are the risk factors associated with hypocalcemia?

A

Forced exercise

Long distance transport

Feed deprivation

Grazing oxalate rich plants

High magnesium diets

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11
Q

What clinical signs do you expect to see in animals with

hypocalcemia

A

Stilted gait

Muscle tremors

Recumbency

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12
Q

What are your 2 top differentials for an ewe in late gestation

that is sick or recumbent?

A

Pregnancy Toxemia

Hypocalcemia

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13
Q

How do you treat hypocalcemia?

A

Calcium Borogluconate IV

or

Oral Calcium Paste

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14
Q

Why must you monitor HR in sheep

treated with Calcium Borogluconate IV

for hypocalcemia?

A

Can get arrhythmias or asystole

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15
Q

What are the risk factors for hypomagnesemia?

A

Grazing on young, lush, green, cereal crops in the spring

High milk yield in does/ewes

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16
Q

A sheep that was recently turned out to lush, green pasture

in the spring is found recumbent and paddling

with extreme muscle tetany.

What is your primary ddx?

A

Hypomagnesemia

17
Q

How do you treat hypomagnesemia?

A

Magnesium hypophosphite

(anesthetic if given IV)

18
Q

How much magnesium do sheep and goats require daily

in order to prevent hypomagnesemia?

A

7 grams

19
Q

_________ deficiency causes cerebral cortical necrosis

(polioencephalomalacia)

A

THIAMINE

20
Q

What are the risk factors for

polioencephalomalacia due to thiamine deficiency?

A

Thiaminases

High sulfate intake

Certain drugs that activate thiaminase production

21
Q

Which drugs should be avoided in order to

prevent thiamine deficiency?

A

AMPROLIUM

Acepromazine

Levamisole

Thiabendazole

22
Q

A sheep has sudden onset of

head pressing, tremors,

STAR-GAZING, blindness,

recumbency, and rumen inactivity

soon after being treated for parasites.

What is your primary ddx?

A

Polioencephalomalacia due to

THIAMINE deficiency

23
Q

What CNS diseases should be on your ddx list

if your primary ddx is

polioencephalomalacia due to thiamine deficiency?

A

Lead toxicosis

Meningoencephalitis/Leukoencephalomyelitis

Rabies

Tetanus

Enterotoxemia

24
Q

How is thiamine deficiency quickly diagnosed?

A

By giving Thiamine Hydrochloride and seeing

improvement in 10 minutes

25
Q

How is thiamine deficiency treated?

A

Thiamine Hydrochloride IV