Sleep: Biological Flashcards
Electromyogram (EMG)
An electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on or in a muscle
Electro-oculogram (EOG)
An electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of electrodes placed on the skin around them. Defects eye movements
Alpha
Smooth electrical activity
8-12 Hz
State of relaxation
Theta
EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz
During early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep
Beta
Irregular electrical activity
13-30 Hz
State of arousal
Delta
Regular synchronous electrical activity
Less than 4 Hz
Occurs during deepest stages of slow-wave sleep
First stage of sleep
First Ten minutes
Moving from awake to sleep
Second stage of sleep
15 minutes
Sleeping soundly
Third stage of sleep
15 minutes
Fourth stage of sleep
45 minutes
Fifth stage of sleep
Rapid eye movement
25 minutes
Where is acetylcholine (ACh) went to?
Pons, basal forebrain, medial septum
Where is Norepinephrine sent to
Dorsal pons
5-HT
Reticular formation, core of brain stem
Orexin
Secreted by cells in the lateral hypothalamus
Ventrolateral preoptic area location?
In the hypothalamus
Flip flop
Areas of the brain that are responsible for wakefulness inhibit those areas that are responsible for slow-wave sleep.
Neural control of sleep
Relationship between sustained neural activity and sleep may be mediated by adenosine which is released by neurons following the utilisation of glycogen
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Involved in the temporal regulation of a number of biological cycles, provided primary control over the timing of sleep cycles
Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?
Hypothalamus
Drug dependency insomnia
An insomnia caused by the side effects of ever-increasing doses of sleeping medications
Sleep apnea
Cessation if breathing while sleeping
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterised by periods of irresistible sleep, sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations
Sleep attack
A symptom of narcolepsy; an irresistible urge to sleep during the day, after the person wakes up feeling refreshed
Cataplexy
A symptom of narcolepsy, complete paralysis that occurs during waking
Sleep paralysis
A symptom of narcolepsy, paralysis occurring just before a person falls asleep
Hypnagogic hallucination
A symptom of narcolepsy, vivid dreams that occur just before a person falls asleep, accompanied by sleep paralysis
Hypocretin
A peptide, aka orexin. Produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus, their destruction causes narcolepsy
REM sleep behaviour disorder
A neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralysed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams
