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515 > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

Semanticity

A

Symbolic representation of objects and abstract concepts shared by all communicators

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2
Q

Displacement

A

Ability to talk about the past and future

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3
Q

Productivity

A

Ability to combine limited number of signs into infinite number of messages

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4
Q

3 things languages have in common

A

Nouns
Verbs
Are structure dependent

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5
Q

Phonemes

A

Basic sounds we put together to make speech

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6
Q

How many phonemes

A

Around 100

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7
Q

Study of phonemes

A

Phonetics

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8
Q

Morphemes

A

Basic units of language

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9
Q

Morphemes convey

A

Meaning and grammatical properties

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10
Q

Morphemes can be

A

Free or bound

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11
Q

Inflectional morpheme

A

Does not change the syntactic category of the morpheme (s, Ed, ing)

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12
Q

Derivational morpheme

A

Creates new words (develop to development)

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13
Q

Prefix

A

Comes at the beginning of the word to change it

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14
Q

Suffix

A

Comes at the end of the word to change it

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15
Q

Syntax

A

Rules which specify the ordering of words

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16
Q

Sentence is made up of

A

A noun phrase and a verb phrase

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17
Q

Mental lexicon

A

Adding all the words we know together

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18
Q

Semantics

A

Knowledge of words and their meaning

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19
Q

Adults know how many words

A

70,000

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20
Q

College student know how many words

A

120,000

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21
Q

What happens in conversation

A

Turn taking, cooperation, non verbal signals, verbal signals

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22
Q

Speech errors

A

Occur at rate of around 1 per 500 uttered sentences

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23
Q

Dysfluencies

A

Hesitations and pauses

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24
Q

Slip of the tongue

A

Parapraxes or Freudian slips

25
Q

Tip of the tongue

A

Temporary inability to access a word from memory, often accompanied with feeling of knowing

26
Q

Exchange

A

Transposition of two segments or two words which swap place in a sentence

27
Q

Language production is underpinned by these key stages

A
  • conceptualisation.
  • formulation.
  • articulation.
  • monitoring.
28
Q

Lateralisation

A

The study of differences between the hemispheres in terms of function

29
Q

We speak with which hemisphere

A

Left

30
Q

Meanings of words are sent from

A

Wernickes area

31
Q

Meanings of words are sent to

A

Broca’s area

32
Q

Speaking flow chart

A

Cognition->wernickes area->Broca’s area->facial area of motor cortex->cranial nerves/brain stem->speech

33
Q

Connectionist model

A

Each of the characteristics of language are processed by distinct areas in the brain with serial connections

34
Q

Hearing language

A
  • words processed by the primary auditory cortex.
  • passed to wernickes area.
  • finds meaning from memory.
35
Q

Seeing language

A
  • words are processed by the primary visual cortex.
  • passed to angular gyrus.
  • passed to wernickes area.
36
Q

Aphasia

A

Deficit in language following brain injury

37
Q

Aphasia but speech is fluent

A

Wernickes aphasia

38
Q

Aphasia but speech is non-fluent

A

Brocas aphasia

39
Q

Speech perception

A

Process by which a stream of speech is converted into individual words and sentences.

40
Q

Prosody

A

Using sound signals from speech

41
Q

How many words does a speaker produce a minute

A

Around 150

42
Q

How many phonemes a second

A

10-15

43
Q

Sounds produced vary due to

A

Accents.
Age.
Gender.
Background noise.

44
Q

Sounds can be influenced by

A

The preceding sound or subsequent sound

45
Q

Observation that sounds can blend means

A

Speech almost becomes a continuous signal

46
Q

Stress syllables have a

A

Strong syllable and weak syllable

47
Q

Vowels in weak signals tend to be

A

Shorter.
Lower density.
Different in quality.

48
Q

Four types of slip of the ear

A

Deletion of boundary before a strong or weak syllable.

Insertion of boundary before a strong or weak syllable.

49
Q

Sounds are processed more efficiently from which ear

A

Right ear

50
Q

McGurk effect

A

Facial cues help us understand speech

51
Q

Lexical access

A

Process where we retrieve word meaning from our store of words.

52
Q

Open class words

A

Nouns

53
Q

Closed class words

A

Pronouns

54
Q

Factors influencing lexical access

A

Syntax and semantics

55
Q

Parsing

A

Process where we assign a syntactic structure to a sentence

56
Q

Garden path sentences

A

Are grammatically correct but have ambiguous meaning

57
Q

Two theoretical approaches that explain how we deal with ambiguity when parsing

A

Syntax first

Interactive

58
Q

Syntax first

A

Parsing based on syntax alone

59
Q

Interactive

A

Parsing based in syntax but also context and semantics

515 (15 decks)

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