Alcohol

Question 1

Drug addiction properties

Answer 1

Dependency
Positive reinforcement 
Negative reinforcement 
Craving 
Tolerance
Withdrawal symptoms

Question 2

Factors that can promote drug abuse

Answer 2

Genetics. 
Personality traits. 
Genetic predisposition for alcoholism. 
Inability to metabolise alcohol. 
Sensitivity to drugs.

Question 3

Addictive drugs that produce positive reinforcement stimulate

Answer 3

Release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

Question 4

Alcohol is hydrophilic

Answer 4

Highly soluble in water

Question 5

Acute exposure to alcohol

Answer 5

Disrupts activity and levels of neurotransmitters in the brain

Question 6

Predominant affects of alcohol are

Answer 6

Inhibitory, resulting in a depressant effect on the CNS.

Question 7

Chronic exposure to alcohol results in

Answer 7

Adaptive changes to tolerances within the brain

Question 8

Low doses of alcohol

Answer 8

Mild euphoria.

Anxiolytics effect reducing anxiety.

Question 9

High doses of alcohol

Answer 9

Lack of coordination.

Sedation.

Question 10

Cell bodies in mesolimbic system are located in

Answer 10

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Question 11

Agonist

Answer 11

Facilitates the effect of a neurotransmitter

Question 12

Antagonist

Answer 12

Inhibits the effect of a neurotransmitter

Question 13

Direct

Answer 13

Acts at the binding site of the neurotransmitter

Question 14

Indirect

Answer 14

Acts at a different binding site to the neurotransmitter

Question 15

GABA receptors

Answer 15

Responsive to GABA inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 16

NMDA receptors

Answer 16

Responsive to glutamate neurotransmitter

Question 17

Alcohol increases activity of

Answer 17

Dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic system

Question 18

What decreases alcohol intake

Answer 18

Injecting a dopamine antagonist into the nucleus accumbens

Question 19

Alcohol synaptic action

Answer 19

Has complex effects on glutamate neurotransmitters and serotonin receptors and influences dopamine

Question 20

Small alcohol exposure

Answer 20

Inhibits NMDA in particular

Question 21

A lot of alcohol exposure increases

Answer 21

NMDA receptor number and contributes to hyperexcitability in withdrawal.

Question 22

Dopamine activation

Answer 22

May be linked to reinforcing effects of cues linked to alcohol

Question 23

NMDA antagonists produce

Answer 23

Sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic effects

Question 24

NMDA antagonists interfere with

Answer 24

Cognitive performance

Question 25

NMDA antagonists cause

Answer 25

The release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

Question 26

NMDA antagonists disrupt

Answer 26

Long term potentiation

Question 27

NMDA antagonists interfere with

Answer 27

The spatial receptive field

Question 28

GABA antagonist produces

Answer 28

An anxiolytic effect.

A sedative effect.

Question 29

Withdrawal from long term alcohol intake

Answer 29

Decreases activity of mesolimbic neurons and their release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

Question 30

Opiate receptor

Answer 30

Release endogenous opioids

Question 31

Opiate receptor blockers

Answer 31

Reduce reinforcing effects of alcohol

Question 32

Lab based investigations of a cure alcohol consumption

Answer 32

• poorer memory performance.
• impairment of divided attention tasks.
• impaired planning and decision making (executive function).

Question 33

Field based studies

Answer 33

• impaired attention.
• BAC positively correlates with errors in card sorting tasks.
• impairment on hand held two choice tester.