Sleep And EEG

Question 1

What structure in the brain is thought to regulate circadian rhythm?

Answer 1

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 2

What complex activates the Period and Crypto-chrome genes?

Answer 2

BMAL1/CLOCK complex

Question 3

How does this feedback loop work?

Answer 3

BMAL1/Clock increases at night and then will activate the PER and CRY genes and they are going during the day. Sufficient levels of PER and CRY will negatively feedback BMAL1.

Question 4

The circadian rhythm is such that two sets of neurons are firing at what two times of the day?

Answer 4

Sunset and sunrise

Question 5

How many hours is a day for SCN?

Answer 5

25

Question 6

How does our brain know its day/light and night/dark?

Answer 6

It uses the retino hypothalamic tract. Eyes to the hypothalamus.
Glutamate is the NT for light and Melatonin is the NT for dark.

Question 7

What are the 5 normal waves of EEG?

Answer 7

Alpha, beta, gamma, theta and delta

Question 8

What is the rate, volts, and characterization of alpha waves?

Answer 8

8-13
50
Quiet wakefulness like you are thinking. Eyes closed.

Question 9

What brain location do we most frequently see alpha waves, what happens to them during sleep, what connection is required for them, and what type of neuron is in charge of the neuronal activity of alpha waves?

Answer 9

Occipital cortex.
Disappear during sleep
Thalamus cortex connection
Gabaergic neurons

Question 10

Rate, voltage and characterization of beta waves?

Answer 10

14-80
Less than 50
Alert wakefulness with eyes open

Question 11

What is the signaling event that shifts us from alpha waves to beta waves in the EEG?

Answer 11

Open eyes and have sensory input

Question 12

Where are beta wave most prevalent, and where is a second location we find them?

Answer 12

Frontal cortex

Parietal cortex

Question 13

Rate and characterization of gamma waves?

Answer 13

30-80

Individual is aroused or focused on something.

Question 14

Rate, voltage and characterization of theta waves?

Answer 14

4-7
100 volts
Normal in kids over parietal and frontal cortex
In adults, may occur in frustration or disappointment
Can occur in sleep

Question 15

What structure is required to produce theta waves?

Answer 15

Hippocampus

Question 16

Rate, voltage and characterization of delta waves?

Answer 16

Less than 3
100-200 volts
Deep sleep in adults and infants

Question 17

When we see delta waves in someone who is awake, what are we thinking?

Answer 17

Serious brain damage

Question 18

What is very important of delta waves that is different from the other wave?

Answer 18

DOES NOT required thalamus to cortex connection to be produced

Question 19

What two things happen to the EEG from increased mental activity?

Answer 19

Desynchronization and reduced amplitudes

Question 20

What’s going on over the occipital region as far as activity in infancy moving to teenage years?

Answer 20

Slow in infancy and gradually increases with age

Question 21

What 4 body conditions decrease the frequency of the alpha rhythm?

Answer 21

Low glucose
Low body temp
Low glucocorticoids
High arterial CO2