Congenital Anomalies Flashcards
What are the 5 congenital anomalies of the lung?
Pulmonary hypoplasia, foregut cysts, CPAM, pulmonary sequestration, and TE fistula.
What is pulmonary hypoplasia and what is the overarching cause?
Lungs don’t develop due to compression of the lungs or inhabiting the normal expansion for them to develop somehow in utero.
Two specific examples that can cause hypoplasia?
Diaphragmatic hernia and oligohydraminos.
How do we get foregut cysts and what two places do we most commonly see them?
Abnormal detachments of primitive foregut. Hilum or middle mediastinum
What are the three classifications of foregut cysts and which one is most common?
Bronchogenic (most common), esophageal, and enteric.
what are 3 complications of foregut cysts?
Rupture, become infected, or compress the airway
What does CPAM stand for and what is going on here?
Congenital Pulmonary adenomatoid malformation. It is essentially arrested development of the lungs with the development of cysts inside the pulmonary tree.
What are the five types of CPAM and what do the types depend on?
So they named the types depending on the state of development the respiratory tree is arrested in.
- Tracheobronchial
- Bronchial
- Bronchiolar
- Alveolar duct
- Distal acinar
Why can CPAM be so deadly, 2 reasons?
It can lead to hydrops or pulmonary hypoplasia
What is the problem with pulmonary sequestration’s and what are the 2 features that characterize this issue?
Essentially we have fun functioning pulmonary tissue because 1. It has no connection to the airway and 2 it has its own abnormal blood supply.
What are the two types of sequestration’s?
Intra lobar and extra lobar.
Which part of the lungs is the most common site for pulmonary sequestration’s?
Left lower lobe
What two patient populations do we most typically find intrlobar pulmonary sequestration in and what two complications arise from it?
Older children and adults. Infections and abscess formation.
What patient population do we see extra lobar sequestrations in and how do they typically present as?
Infants. Usually come to attention as a mass in the chest or abdomen.
