Infectious/Allergic Rhinitis and Sinusitis Flashcards
What anatomical structures do we consider Upper Airways?
Nose, Pharynx, and larynx and their related parts.
What are the two types of Rhinitis?
Infectious and allergic
Top 3 pathogens causing infectious rhinitis and which one is the most common cause of infectious rhinitis?
Rhinovirus (most common), adenovirus, and echovirus
Rhinitis is characterized by what and what 3 common symptoms?
Characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Sneezing, congestion and runny nose.
What are two bacterial pathogens that are superimposed bacterial infections?
Strep pneumonia and H influenza
What is the cause of allergic rhinitis?
Type 1 hyperactivity IGE mediated reaction against pollen or animals for example.
How is allergic rhinitis characterized and what two things is it associated with?
Inflammatory infiltrate of eosinophils.
Asthma and eczema
What does recurrent bouts of rhinitis lead to?
Nasal polyps
How do we define/characterize a nasal polyp?
Protrusion of edematous mucosa that is infiltrated with eosinophils
What can nasal polyps lead to and why?
Superimposed bacterial infection because they block sinus drainage.
What is usually preceded by acute rhinitis?
Acute sinusitis
When there is impairment of drainage in acute sinusitis, what two things can develop?
Empyema and mucocele
If acute sinusitis is not preceded by rhinitis, how does the infection get in?
Usually coming from the oral cavity and into the max sinus through the bony floor of the sinus.
What are 3 complications of severe chronic sinusitis?
It can spread. Spread to orbit, surrounding bone, and cranial vault causing thrombophlebitis
Explain what patient population was mentioned particularly with sinusitis?
Diabetic patients, being immunocompromised to start out, are at risk for getting sinusitis from the fungus mucormycosis. The pathogen travels from the nasal sinuses to the orbit and brain causing rhinocerebral mucormycosis. This is an emergent situation requiring IV anti fungal so it doesn’t get to the brain.
Top 2 complications due to sinusitis spreading from the maxillary sinus?
Osteomyelitis and mucocele
Top 3 complications of sinusitis spreading from ethmoid sinus?
Preseptal cellulitis, subperiosteal abscess, and orbital cellulitis
Top 4 complications of sinusitis spreading from the frontal sinus?
Meningitis, epidural abscess, mucocele and osteomyelitis
What is the one complication of sinusitis spreading from the sphenoid sinus?
Mucocele
What fungus can causes allergic fungal sinusitis?
Aspergillus
Granulomatosis with Polyangitis affects what age of of patients, how does it present, and what other 2 places in the body can it affect?
Middle aged.
Ulceration, necrosis and perforation of septum.
Lungs and kidneys
2 hallmarks of histology for GPA?
Granulomatous inflammation
Blue necrosis which is called necrobiotic
