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ANAT 316 > skull and nervous system > Flashcards

skull and nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two cell types within the nervous system tissue

A
  • neurons
  • neuroglia
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2
Q

major components of the nervous system

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
  • ganglia
  • sensory receptors (internal and external)
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3
Q

what are the two major anatomical divisions of the nervous system

A
  • central nervous system (CNS)
  • peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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4
Q

central nervous sytem

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • cranial nerves and spinal nerves
  • ganglia and sensory receptors
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6
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axons (nerve cell fibers) located outside the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pairs of nerves
  • emerge from the base of the brain
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8
Q

spinal nerves

A
  • 31 pairs of nerves
  • emerge from the spinal cord
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9
Q

ganglia

A
  • cluster of neuron cell bodies
  • located outside the CNS
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10
Q

sensory receptors

A
  • monitor changes in environment
  • skin, eyes, nose, muscles
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11
Q

functional organization of the nervous system

A
  • sensory function (input)
  • integrative function (control)
  • motor function (output)
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12
Q

sensory function

A

input
- sensory receptors detect internal and external stimuli
- sensory (afferent) neurons transmit information to CNS

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13
Q

integrative function

A

control
- interneurons (located in the CNS) analyze sensory information
- perception (conscious awareness) of stimuli

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14
Q

motor function

A

output
- motor (efferent) neurons respond to integration
- initiate action in effector organs (muscles, glands)

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15
Q

divisions of nervous system

A

CNS:
- brain
- spinal cord

PNS:
- somatic nervous system
- autonomic nervous system

autonomic nervous system:
- sympathetic nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

somatic nervous system

A

regulates VOLUNTARY control of skeletal muscles

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17
Q

somatic sensory neurons

A
  • convey information to the CNS from sensory receptors
  • input of information to the CNS for integration
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18
Q

somatic motor neurons

A
  • convey information from the CNS to SKELETAL MUSCLE
  • output of information from the CNS for muscular contraction
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19
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary actions
“automatic actions”

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20
Q

sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

A
  • fight or flight
  • increase in activity and metabolic rate
    ex. dilate pupils, increase heartrate, inhibit intestinal activity
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21
Q

parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

A
  • rest or digest
  • decrease activity in metabolic rate
    ex. constrict pupils, decrease heartrate, stimulate intestinal activity
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22
Q

neurons

A

basic structural and functional units of the nervous system
- transfer and processing of information

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23
Q

neuroglia

A

smaller and more abundant
- support, nourish, protect neurons
(do not transfer information)

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24
Q

cerebrum

A

telencephalon
- largest and most anterior part of the brain
- front of skull
- 2 hemispheres
- read, write, speak, calculations, memories, planning

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25
cerebrum: structure
- cerebral hemisphere - white matter - gray matter - gyrus - sulcus
26
cerebral cortex
- outer layer - covers cerebrum
27
cerebrum features
longitudinal fissure corpus callosum
28
longitudinal fissure
separates right and left cerebral hemispheres
29
corpus callosum
connects right and left cerebral hemispheres - composed of white matter - how the 2 sides communicate
30
cerebrum lobes
- frontal lobe - temporal lobe - parietal lobe - occipital lobe - insular lobe
31
frontal lobe
- integration of decision making - planning - mood - behaviour
32
temporal lobe
- hearing processes - specking - hearing + responding
33
parietal lobe
- responding to stimuli from the environment
34
occipital lobe
vision
35
insular lobe (insula)
- more automatic responses take place (NOT ALL)
36
lobe divison
lateral sulcus - frontal and temporal central sulcus - frontal and parietal parieto-occipital sulcus - parietal and occipital
37
cerebellum features
folia - gray matter arbor vitae - white matter
38
what does the cerebellum do
coordinate voluntary movements regulates posture and balance
39
cerebellum structure
- cerebellar peduncles - cerebellar hemispheres - vermis (connects between 2 hemispheres)
40
axial skeleton
- bones of skull - accessory bones - vertebral column - thoracic cage
41
appendicular skeleton
- upper limbs and pectoral girdle - lower limbs and pelvic girdle
42
neurocranium (braincase)
TOTAL= 8 bones - frontal (1) - parietal (2) - occipital (1) - temporal (2) - ethmoid (1) - sphenoid (1)
43
viscerocranium (facial skeleton)
TOTAL= 14 bones - maxillae (2) - palatine bones (2) - nasal bones (2) - inf. nasal conch (2) - zygomatic bones (2) - lacrimal bones (2) - vomer (1) - mandible (1)
44
what is the skull total bones
22
45
neurocranium function
- surrounds and protects the brain - articulates with the vertebral column
46
viscerocranium function
supports and protects entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts
47
accessory bones functions
7 bones (hearing and muscles attachment)
48
external features of the temporal bone
- external acoustic meatus - mastoid process - styloid process - zygomatic process
49
inferior view of neurocranium
- sphenoid bone - temporal bone - zygomatic process - styloid process - mastoid process - mandibular fossa - occipital bone
50
features of the occipital bone
- formen magnum - occipital condyle
51
function of foramen magnum
passage of the spinal cord
52
function of occipital condyle
articulation with the atlas (C1)
53
ethmoid bone
- unpaired bone - forms part of the: orbital wall, nasal cavity, septum
54
what bones form the orbit
- palatine zygomatic - sphenoid - maxilla - ethmoid - frontal - lacrimal
55
features of the ethmoid bone
crista galli superior nasal concha middle nasal concha inferior nasal concha (separate bone) cribriform plate branches of CN I (olfactory nerves passing through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone)
56
crista galli
perpendicular projection of the ethmoid bone - acts as an anchoring point for membranes surrounding the brain (meninges)
57
feature of the sphenoid bone
unpaired bone forms part of the eye orbit and the base of the skull - sella turcica - greater wing - lesser wing (more superior) - pterygoid processes
58
what does the sella turcica hold
pituitary gland
59
skull foramina
- many bones of the skulls have associated foramina allow for passage of nerves and blood vessels
60
skull foramina: sphenoid bone
- inferior orbital fissure - optic canal - superior orbital fissure - foramen spinosum - foramen rotundum: CN V2 - foramen ovale: CN V3 - foramen lacerum
61
skull foramina: temporal bone
carotid canal internal acoustic meatus
62
what passes threw the carotid canal
internal carotid artery
63
what passes threw internal acoustic meatus
CN VIII
64
sutures
boundaries between skull bones - fibrous, immovable joints
65
the types of sutures
sagittal coronal squamous lambdoid
66
sagittal suture
between parietal bones
67
coronal suture
frontal and parietal
68
lambdoid
occipital and parietal
69
squamous suture
temporal and parietal
70
cranial fossae
floor of the cranial cavity divided into 3 fossae
71
what are the 3 cranial fossa
anterior cranial fossa middle posterior
72
anterior cranial fossa
frontal lobe of the brain - fronal, ehtmoid, sphenoid bones
73
middle cranial fossa
temporal lobes of brain - sphenoid, temporal bones
74
posterior cranial fossa
cerebellum - occipital, temporal bones
75
facial skeletion (lateral view)
- zygomatic - maxilla - mandible - nasal - lacrimal
76
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
only moveable joint of the skull articulation between: - condylar process - mandibular fossa
76
features of the mandible
- ramus - body - angle - condylar process - coronoid process
77
facial skeleton (inferior view)
- zygomatic bones - zygomatic arch - maxillae - incisive foramen - palatine bones - vomer
78
hard plate
palatine process palatine bones
79

ANAT 316 (17 decks)

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