Nose/sinus + pharynx/larynx Flashcards
the nasal cavity
can be divided into a left and a right side
- midline and lateral walls
- floor and roof
functions of the nasal cavity
- humidify, warm and filter the air
- facilitate drainage of the paranasal sinuses
- secrete mucus
external nose
- projects outwards allowing air to enter the nasal cavity
- it is made up of bone and cartilage
bones in the nasal cavity
- frontal bone
- nasal bone
- ethmoid bone
- maxillary bone
- sphenoid bone
- vomer bone
- palatine bone
medial wall
nasal septum
- wall made up of a bony portion and a cartilaginous portion
what is the medial wall made of
- ethmoid bone
- septal cartilage
- vomer bone
what is the lateral wall called
conchae and meatuses
what makes the lateral wall
- superior nasal concha
- middle nasal concha
- inferior nasal concha
- superior nasal meatus
- middle nasal meatus
- inferior nasal meatus
nasal conchae
- the superior and middle nasal conchae are processes of the ethmoid bone
- the interior nasal concha is formed by its own cranial bone
functions of nasal conchae
- increase surface area in the nasal cavity
- humidify air
- filter air
- warm up the air
nose cavity borders: roof
- cribriform plate
- nasal bone
- frontal bone
- sphenoid bone
- ethmoid bone
borders the ethmoid bone makes
middle nasal conchae–> lateral wall
perpendicular plate–> nasal septum (medial wall)
cribriform plate–> roof
nose cavity borders: palate
- palatine bone
- maxillary bone
what is the external nose made of
- bony
- cartilaginous
cartilage of external nose
- lateral nasal cartilage
- major alar cartilage
- minor alar cartilage
paranasal sinuses
- are cavities (air pockets) found in the skull
- lined with respiratory mucosa and secrete mucous
what bones have paranasal cavities
- ethmoid
- frontal
- maxillary
- sphenoid
function of paranasal sinuses
- lighten the weight of the skull
- humidity/heat/filter inspired air
- secrete mucus
what does the nasal meatuses receive
drainage from the paranasal sinuses
what does the superior meatus drain
the sphenoid and posterior ethmoid sinuses
what does the middle meatus drain
the frontal, anterior ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses
where does the nasal cavity extend to
to the nasopharynx where the mucus will then be swallowed
what is the largest paranasal sinus
maxillary sinus
what is the innervation of the paranasal sinuses
- V1: ophthalmic
- V2: maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve CNV
which of the following is true
1. the nasal septum is made up of the ethmoid bone, the septal cartilage and the inferior nasal concha
2. the middle nasal concha is a process of the inferior concha
3. the floor of the nasal cavity is made up of the palatine bone and the maxillary bone
4. the nasal sinus secrete saliva
3
muscles of facial expression
- originate from facial bones or adjacent muscles
- insert into the skin
- superficial (subcutaneous) muscles
how are muscles of expression innervated
by CN VII
functions of muscles of facial expression
- acts as sphincters and dilators
- alter facial expressions
frontalis
- epicardial group (occipitofrontal)
- action: draws the scalp back, raising the eyebrows
orbicularis oculi
- orbital group
1. orbital part : tightly closing eye (winking)
2. palpebral part : loosely closing eye (blinking)
3. lacrimal part: compresses lacrimal sac (tears)
corrugator supercilii
- orbital groups
- draw the eyebrows together medially and inferiorly (frowning)
orbicularis oris
- oral group
- action: purses and protrudes lips
zygomaticus
- oral group
- pull corners of the mouth up and drawing it laterally
buccinator
oral group
- pull the cheeks inward against the teeth
platysma
- neck group
- action: pull corners of the mouth down
CN VII- intracrinial pathway
- originates from the brainstem
- internal acoustic meatus
- facial canal
- medial wall of the middle ear
- stylomastoid foramen
facial nerve- innervation
temporal branches
zygomatic branches
buccal branches
cervical branches
temporal branches
- orbicularis oculi (upper half)
- corrugator supercilii
- frontalis
zygomatic branches
orbicularis oculi (lower half)
buccal branches
orbicularis oris, zygomaticus and buccinator
cervical branches
platysma
functions of pharynx
- shared passageway for both air and food
- provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
- houses the tonsils, which serve immunological functions
anatomy of the pharynx
- oral cavity
- tongue
- pharynx
- hypoid bone
- vertebral bodies
- larynx
- esophagus
divisons
nasopharynx
- superior portion
oropharynx
- middle portion
laryngopharynx
- inferior portion
borders nasopharynx
superior: choanae
posterior: vertebral bodies
anterior/inferior: soft palate and oropharynx
features of the nasopharynx
- soft palate
- openings to Eustachian tube
- adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)
soft palate
forms the posterior roof of mouth
- arch shaped muscular partition between the nasopharynx and oropharynx
soft palate: swallowing
- contacts to close the nasopharynx when swallowing
eustachian tube
- auditory tube
- a narrow passage between the nasopharynx and middle ear
- allows air exchange to equalize pressure between these areas
adenoid
patch of lymphoid tissue on the superior posterior wall
- typically atrophies and shrinks significantly by adulthood
borders of oropharynx
superior: nasopharynx
inferior: laryngopharynx
posterior: vertebral bodies
anterior: throat/oral cavity
features of the oropharynx
palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils
oropharngeal tonsils
- patches of lymphoid tissue (lingual tonsils, palatine tonsils)
laryngopharynx borders
superior: oropharynx
posterior: vertebral bodies
inferior: larynx and esophagus
key features of laryngopharynx
- laryngeal inlet
- piriform fossae
laryngeal inlet
entrance to the larynx
piriform fossae
- groove on either side of the laryngeal inlet
pharynx epithelium
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium)
- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
pharyngeal muscles: outer circular layer
- superior constrictor
- middle constrictor
- inferior constrictor
superior constrictor
- surrounds the oropharynx
- constricts the upper portion of the pharynx to facilitate swallowing
middle constrictor
- surrounds the laryngopharynx
- constricts the middle portion of the pharynx to facilitate swallowing
inferior constrictor
- surrounds the laryngopharynx
- constricts the lower portion of the pharynx to facilitate swallowing
- forms the upper esophageal sphincter
attachment of the pharyngeal muscles
occipital bone: superior constrictor
pharyngeal raphe: superior, middle and inferior
innervation of the pharyngeal muscles
motor: vagus nerve (CN X)
sensory: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
larynx
- short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea
- anterior to C4-C7
function of the larynx
- valve to close the trachea
- voice production (via vocal cords)
structure of larynx
consists of a cartilage structure:
- epiglottis
- thyroid cartilage
- arytenoid cartilage (pairs)
- cricoid cartilage
thyroid cartilage
- largest cartilage of the larynx
- form upper and anterior walls
- two fused plates of hyaline cartilage
function of thyroid cartilage
protect and support the vocal cords
epiglottis
- leaf shaped piece of elastic cartilage
- covered with epithelium
- “stalk” is attached to thyroid cartilage
- “leaf” is unattached
function of epiglottis
closes off larynx during swallowing
(forms a lid over the opening to the larnyx)
cricoid cartilage
- ring of hyaline cartilage
- forms inferior wall of larynx
function of cricoid cartilage
- maintains airway opening
(landmark for making an emergency airway)
arytenoid cartilage
- triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage
- sit on the cricoid cartilage
function of arytenoid cartilage
- influence movement (tension and relaxation) of vocal folds
extrinsic laryngeal ligaments
attach larynx to external structures
- thyroid membrane: medial thyroid and lateral thyroid ligaments
- cricotracheal ligament
intrinsic laryngeal ligaments
attach cartilages of the larynx
- cricothyroid ligament
true and false vocal cords
- the mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds:
superior: ventricular folds - false; vocal cords
- protect the vocal cords
inferior: vocal folds
- true; vocal cords
- principal structure of voice production
cavity of the larynx
vestibule
glottis
rima glottidis
infraglottic cavity
trachea
vestibule
from inlet to vestibular folds
glottis
from vestibular folds to vocal folds
rima glottidis
gap between vocal folds
- opening to infraglottic cavity
infraglottic cavity (space)
below vocal cords
action of vocal cords
intrinsic laryngeal muscles attach to cartilages and vocal folds
during respiration: abduct/open
- allows the passage of air
during swallowing: adduct/close
- to prevent food/liquid from entering
during phonation: adduct and alter tension of vocal cords
vocal response
the larynx and pharynx are resonating chambers for speech
- reverberation of sounds waves from the vibrating vocal folds
laryngeal muscles
intrinsic laryngeal muscles act on individual components of the larynx
- control the shape of the rima glottidis
- control length and tension of the vocal folds
cricothyroid
thyroarytenoid
posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid
transverse and oblique arytenoid
cricothyroid functions
stretches and tenses the vocal ligament
- known as the “singers muscle” as it alters tone of voice
thyroarytenoid
relax the vocal ligament
posterior & lateral cricoarytenoid function
posterior: sole abductor of the vocal folds
- widens the rima glottidis
lateral: major adductor of the vocal folds
- narrows the rima glottidis
transverse and oblique arytenoid function
- adduct the arytenoid cartilage
- narrows the rima glottidis to modulate tone and volume of speech
innervation of the larynx
superior laryngeal nerve
recurrent laryngeal nerve
superior laryngeal nerve
internal laryngeal n.–> sensory–> above vocal cord
external laryngeal n.–> motor–> cricothyroid
recurrent laryngeal nerve
sensory–> below vocal cords
motor–> all except cricothyroid
what might be the result of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
1. the cricothryoid muscles is still functional, and the arytenoids are fully active
2. the cricothyroid muscle is still functional, but the arytenoids are weak
3. the cricothyroid muscle is paralyzed, but the arytenoids are fully active
4. the cricothyroid muscle is paralyzed, and the arytenoids are weak
2.
