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ANAT 316 > PNS & autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

PNS & autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

brain, brainstem and spinal cord

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2
Q

PNS

A

nerves and ganglia outside the CNS

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3
Q

what does the PNS split into

A
  • somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
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4
Q

somatic nervous system

A

VOLUNTARY
- includes both sensory and motor neurons

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5
Q

somatic sensory neurons

A

afferent
- receptors for somatic senses
- receptors for special senses

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6
Q

somatic motor neurons

A

efferent
innervate skeletal muscles

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7
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

INVOLUNTARY
- regulates cardiac muscles, smooth muscle, glandular tissue
- autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by exciting or inhibiting activities in effector tissues

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8
Q

somatic sensory

A

carries signals from receptors in skin, muscles, bones, and joints

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9
Q

visceral sensory

A

carries signals mainly from organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

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10
Q

what is the difference between autonomic and somatic in the nervous system

A

somatic: direct highway to the muscle
autonomic: connects to ganglion then to muscle

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11
Q

which of the following statements best describes a difference between the CNS and PNS
1. the CNS is composed by the spinal cord, while the PNS is composed by cranial nerves
2. both the CNS and PNS exclusively consists of the brain and spinal cord
3. the PNS is responsible for processing sensory information, whereas the CNS is responsible for motor functions
4. the CNS and PNS are terms used interchangeably to describe the same set of neural structures

A

1.

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12
Q

which of the following sensory responses is NOT part of the somatic sensory division
1. proprioception
2. taste
3. pressure
4. vision

A

2.

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13
Q

general sensory receptors by structural class

A
  1. free nerve endings:
  2. encapsulated:
  3. proprioceptors
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14
Q

free nerve endings: sensory receptors

A
  • nociceptors (pain)
  • thermoreceptors (temp)
  • mechanoreceptors (pressure)
  • chemoreceptors
    in most body tissue; most dense in CT
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15
Q

modified free nerve endings

A

merkel discs
mechanoreceptor (light pressure)
- deepest layer of epidermis

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16
Q

hair follicle receptors (free nerve endings)

A

mechanoreceptors (hair deflections)
- in and surrounding hair follicles

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17
Q

list the encapsulated sensory receptors

A
  • tactile (Meissner’s corpuscles)
  • lamellar (Pacinian corpuscles)
  • Ruffini corpuscles
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18
Q

tactile (Meissner’s corpuscles)

A
  • mechanoreceptor (light pressure, discriminative touch, vibration of low frequency)
  • hairless skin (nipple, genitalia, finger tips, eyelids)
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19
Q

lamellar (Pacinian corpuscles)

A
  • mechanoreceptor (deep pressure, stretch, vibration of high frequency)
  • dermis and hypodermis; on fingers, soles of feet, genitalia, nipples
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20
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A
  • mechanoreceptors (deep pressure and stretch)
  • deep in dermis, hypodermis, and joint capsules
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21
Q

sensory receptors proprioceptors

A
  • muscle spindles
  • tendon organs
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22
Q

muscle spindles

A
  • mechanoreceptors (muscle stretch)
  • skeletal muscles, particularly those of the extremities
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23
Q

tendon organs

A

mechanoreceptor (tendon stretch)
- tendons

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24
Q

which of the following is responsible for sensing proprioception
1. free nerve endings
2. merkel cells
3. muscle spindles
4. hair follicle receptor

A

3.

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25
Q

true or false:
Pacinian corpuscles are responsible for sensing deep pressure

A

true

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26
Q

what does the spinal cord consists of:

A
  • posterior horn
  • anterior horn
  • lateral horn
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27
Q

what are the purposes of spinal nerves

A
  • communication between brain and body parts
  • voluntary and involuntary actions
  • high way for sensory and motor integrations
    -rapid automatic responses through reflexes
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28
Q

anatomy of the spinal nerve + function

A

structural support, protection, organization
- epineurium (around whole nerve)
- perineurium (surround fascicles)
- endoneurium (surrounds axons)

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29
Q

segments of spinal nerves

A
  • 8 pairs of cervical nerves
  • 12 pairs of thoracic nerves
  • 5 pairs of lumbar nerves
  • 5 pairs of sacral nerves
  • 1 pair of coccygeal nerves
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30
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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31
Q

what pairs leave the spinal cord above their corresponding vertebrae level

A

pairs 1-7

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32
Q

each spinal nerve connects to the spinal cord through?

A

dorsal root
ventral root

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33
Q

dorsal root

A
  • contains axonal processes of sensory neurons arising from posterior horn
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34
Q

what does the Dorsal root contain?

A

dorsal root ganglion

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35
Q

what is the dorsal root ganglion

A
  • enlargement of the dorsal root
  • cluster of cell bodies of sensory neurons
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36
Q

how does the dorsal root ganglion function?

A

as sensory relay stations by processing and modulating sensory signal before reaching the CNS

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37
Q

where does the spinal nerve and dorsal root ganglion lie?

A

within the intervertebral foramina

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38
Q

what are two spinal roots

A

dorsal root
ventral root

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39
Q

ventral root

A

contains axonal processes of motor neurons who cell bodies are located in anterior horn of the spinal corn

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40
Q

what does each spinal nerve branch into?

A

dorsal ramus
ventral ramus

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41
Q

where does the dorsal rami supply?

A

dorsum of neck and back

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42
Q

where does the ventral rami supply

A
  • anterior and lateral regions of neck and trunk
  • all regions of limbs
  • much thicker than the dorsal rami
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43
Q

similarities of the dorsal and ventral rami

A

both contain sensory and motor fibers
- exit the vertebral column through the intervertebral foramina
- supply the entire somatic region

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44
Q

ventral rami

A

do not travel directly to their target tissues but instead branch out extensively to form complex networks

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45
Q

what are the complex network of ventral rami called

A

nerve plexuses

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46
Q

what are the four primary nerve plexuses from the ventral rami

A
  • cervical plexus
  • brachial plexus
  • lumbar plexus
  • sacral plexus
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47
Q

cervical plexus

A
  • spinal nerves C1-C4
  • supply sensory and motor innervation to the
    neck
    portions of the head
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48
Q

brachial plexus

A

spinal nerves C5-T1
supply sensory and motor innervation to:
- shoulder
- upper limbs

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49
Q

lumbar plexus

A

spinal nerves L1-L4
supplies nerves to the:
- lower back
- abdominal wall
- part of the lower limb

50
Q

sacral plexus

A

spinal nerves L4-S5
innervates:
- buttocks
- pelvic
- remainder of lower limb

51
Q

the path from the spinal cord

A
  • nerve originate from the spinal cord through two roots
    1. dorsal (info to spinal cord)
    2. ventral (info away from spinal cord)
  • dorsal and ventral roots unite outside the spinal cord to form a spinal nerve
  • the spinal nerve branches into 2 rami
    1. dorsal rami
    2. ventral rami
52
Q

which of the following plexus is responsible for innervation of the upper limbs
1. cervical
2. thoracic
3. lumbar
4. brachial

A

4.

53
Q

which anatomical structure of the spinal nerve has both sensory and motor components
1. dorsal root
2. ventral root
3. dorsal root ganglion
4. ventral rami

A

4.

54
Q

what are dermatomes

A

sections of the skin innervated by single spinal nerve

55
Q

what are dermatomes

A

sections of the skin innervated by a single spinal nerve
- motor and sensory innervation for those specific areas
- nipples
- umbilicus

56
Q

what is the motor reflex arc

A
  • neural pathway that mediates rapid involuntary actions
  • integrates sensory inputs and motor outputs
  • physiological and neural response against potential harmful stimuli
57
Q

anatomy of the motor reflex arc

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron (afferent)
  3. dorsal root ganglion
  4. dorsal root
  5. posterior horn
  6. interneurons
  7. anterior horn
  8. motor neurons (efferent)
  9. effector muscles
58
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • involuntary motor (efferent)
  • innervates smooth and cardiac muscles, viscera, and glands
  • regulates unconscious processes
59
Q

what is the ANS sometimes referred to as

A
  • visceral motor system
60
Q

sympatheic vs parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • most organs receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
  • the effects are generally considered to be opposing
61
Q

sympathetic NS function

A
  • stimulate metabolism; active during stress, exertion, emergency
  • increases heart rate, force of contraction and BP
  • downregulates digestive activity
  • dilates blood vessels in skeletal muscles
  • fight or flight
62
Q

function of the Parasympathetic

A

promotes relaxation, nutrient uptake, energy storage
- decreases heart rate, force contraction and BP
- stimulates digestive secretions and increases gut motility
- dilates blood vessels in GI tract
- rest and digest

63
Q

neuron

A

are the basic functional unit of the nervous system; a highly specialized cells that carry electric signals

64
Q

myelin sheath: anatomy of a neuron

A

lipid-rich sheath that surrounds some nerve cells axons; are as an insulating layer

65
Q

somatic nerves

A
  • voluntary control
  • one neuron between CNS and target
66
Q

autonomic nerves

A
  • involuntary control
  • two neurons between CNS and target
67
Q

what does somatic nerve innervate

A

skeletal
muscles

68
Q

what does the autonomic nerves innervate

A

cardiac muscles
smooth muscles
glands
viscera

69
Q

about preganglionic

A

located in the brainstem or spinal cord
- myelinated

70
Q

about postganglionic

A

located in autonomic ganglion
- unmyelinated

71
Q

ganglia

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies found in the PNS
- functions as relay stations between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the ANS

72
Q

autonomic outflow: sympathetic

A

thoraco-lumbar
regions T1-L2

73
Q

autonomic outflow: parasympathetic

A

cranio-sacral
- cranial nerves: CN III, CN VII, CN IX, CN X
- sacral regions S2-S4

74
Q

sympathetic ganglia

A
  1. the sympathetic chain (paravertebral ganglia)
  2. prevertebral ganglia
    - celiac
    - superior mesenteric
    - inferior mesenteric
75
Q

the sympathetic chain

A

paired sympathetic ganglia linked together to form a chain along the length of the vertebral column (C1-S5)
(the connection spread sympathetic responses to many target tissue simultaneously)

76
Q

where are preganglionic sympathetic neurons limited to

A

T1-L2

77
Q

what is the sympathetic ganglia chain also known as

A

sympathetic trunk or paravertebral ganglia

78
Q

prevertebral ganglia

A

situated anterior to the vertebral column, along the aorta
- celiac ganglion
- superior mesenteric ganglion
- inferior mesenteric ganglion
(named relative to blood vessels branching from the abdominal aorta)

79
Q

length of preganglionic in sympathetic ganglia

A

short

80
Q

length of postganglionic in sympathetic ganglia

A

long

81
Q

rami communicans

A

connection between the spinal nerve and sympathetic trunk

82
Q

type of communicans within the sympathetic outflow

A

white ramus communicans
gray ramus communicans

83
Q

where are white and gray communicans located with the sympathic

A

white- only from T1-L2
gray- all levels along sympathetic

84
Q

where does sympathetic outflow originate?

A

in the lateral horn of the spinal cord, from segments T1-L2

85
Q

where does preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic outflow exit? and enter?

A

the ventral horn and root to enter the spinal nerve

86
Q

where does the preganglionic neuron enter the sympathic chain?

A

via the white ramus communican “on ramp”

87
Q

what are the 3 main routes preganglionic neurons have before entering the sympathetic chain

A
  1. synapse within the chain at the same level
  2. change level within the chain and then synapse
  3. formation of a splanchnic nerve
88
Q

synapse within the chain at the same level

A

preganglionic neurons synapses with postganglionic neuron at the same level and exits via the grey ramus, travelling with spinal nerve to target

89
Q

same level

A

preganglionic neurons located between T1-L2

90
Q

same level nerve targets

A

body wall
abdominal and thoracic viscera
limbs

91
Q

same level outflow pathway Preganglionic neurons

A
  • located in the lateral horn (T1-L2)
  • myelinated preganglionic axon exits spinal cord via the ventral horn and ventral root to enter the spinal nerve
  • preganglionic axon then leaves spinal nerve, and enters the sympathetic trunk via white ramus communicans to synapse on the postganglionic neurons
92
Q

same level outflow pathway Postganglionic neurons

A
  • unmyelinated postganglionic axon passes through the gray ramus communicans to enter the spinal nerve
  • postganglionic fiber travels within spinal nerve to innervate target
93
Q

change level within the chain and then synapse

A

preganglionic fiber can ascend or descend within the sympathetic chain
- Between T1-L2

94
Q

ascending nerve targets

A
  • head/neck viscera
  • thoracic viscera
  • upper limbs
95
Q

descending nerve targets

A
  • abdominopelvic viscera
  • lower limbs
96
Q

viscera of the thorax

A

organs in the thorax are supplied by various plexuses
- postganglionic contribute to autonomic plexuses
cardiac plexus
pulmonary plexus

97
Q

splanchnic nerve formation

A

aka visceral nerves
- form when autonomic fibers do not re-join the spinal nerve
- preganglionic fibers bypasses the sympathetic chain completely and synapses in a peripheral (prevertebral) ganglion near the target

98
Q

splanchnic nerve: target abdominopelvic viscera

A

originate from thoracic and lumbar vertebral levels of the spinal cord, as sets of paired splanchnic nerves
- then synpases in prevertebral ganglion

99
Q

paired splanchnic nerves

A
  • greater splanchnic (T5-9)
  • lesser splanchnic (T10-11)
  • least/lumbar splanchnic (T12-L2)
100
Q

prevertebral ganglion

A
  • celiac ganglion
  • superior mesenteric ganglion
  • inferior mesenteric ganglion
101
Q

what ganglion goes with greater splanchnic nerve

A

celiac ganglion

102
Q

what ganglion goes with lesser splanchnic

A

superior mesenteric ganglion

103
Q

what ganglion goes with least/lumbar splanchnic nerve

A

interior mesenteric ganglion

104
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

“rest and digest”

105
Q

parasympathetic nervous system targets

A
  • viscera of head and neck
  • abdominal and thoracic viscera
  • pelvic viscera
106
Q

parasympathetic ganglia

A

located near or within the target organ
preganglionic—> long
postganglionic —> short

107
Q

PNS: cranial outflow

A

CN III: occulomotor
VII: facial
IX: glossopharyngeal
X: vagus

108
Q

cranial outflow: head and neck

A

CN III, VII, IX
- preganglionic neurons leave brainstem from parasympathetic nuclei
- synapse on post-ganglionic neuron with parasympathetic ganglion

109
Q

CN VII parasympathic to what ganglion

A

pterygopalatine ganglion–> lacrimal gland
submandibular ganglion–> sublingual/submandii gland

110
Q

CN III parasympathic goes to what ganglion

A

ciliary gland–> eye

111
Q

cranial outflow: head and neck

A

CN III, VII, IX
- preganglionic neurons leave brainstem from parasympathetic nuclei
- synapse on post-ganglionic neuron within parasympathetic ganglia

112
Q

cranial outflow: thoracic and abdominal viscera

A
  • preganglionic neurons leave the brainstem via CN X, which contribute to autonomic plexuses
  • supplies parasympathic to pharynx, larynx, thorax and midgut structures
  • preganglionic neurons synapse on ganglia within or close to target
113
Q

what are ganglions that are within the target called

A

intra-mural ganglion

114
Q

sacral outflow: distal GI tract and pelvic viscera

A
  • preganglionic neuronal cell bodies located in spinal segments S2-S4
  • axons travel via pelvic splanchnic nerves which contribute to autonomic plexus
  • preganglionic fibers synapse within ganglia in or near effector organ to supply targets
115
Q

which nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the lungs?
1. CN X (vagus)
2. CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
3. CN III (oculomotor)
4. pelvic splanchnic nerves
5. none of the above

A

1

116
Q

visceral afferent fibers

A

conduct sensory information from autonomic targets to the CNS
(are distinct from the autnomic nervous system)

117
Q

what are visceral afferent fibers not considered

A

sympathetic or parasympathetic

118
Q

visceral reflexes

A

are the simplest functional units in the autonomic nervous system
- consists of a sensory nerve, and visceral motor neurons

119
Q

example of visceral relfex

A

shinning a light in the eye triggers a visceral reflex that constricts the pupils

120
Q

enteric nervous system

A

part of the ANS
- network of neurons located in the walls of the digestive tract
- receives regulatory signals via sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

121
Q

CN IX to what ganglion

A

otic ganglion

ANAT 316 (17 decks)

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