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ANAT 316 > eye and ear > Flashcards

eye and ear Flashcards

1
Q

what is the bony orbit

A

bilateral, symmetrical cavities containing the eyeballs and associated structures

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2
Q

bones of the bony orbit anterior/lateral view

A
  • frontal bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • ethmoid bone
  • lacrimal bone
  • palatine bone
  • maxilla
  • zygomatic bone
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3
Q

bones of the bony orbit medial view

A
  • frontal bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • zygomatic bone
  • maxilla
  • palatine bone
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4
Q

holes within the bony orbit

A

superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure
optic canal

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5
Q

nerves related to superior orbital fissure

A
  • oculomotor nerve (CN III)
  • trochlear nerve (CN IV)
  • ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (CN V1)
  • abducens nerve (CN VI)
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6
Q

nerves related to optic canal

A

optic nerve

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7
Q

layers of the eye

A

outer fibrous layer
middle vascualr layer
inner neural layer

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8
Q

outer fibrous layer

A

sclera and cornea

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9
Q

middle vascular layer

A

Uvea: iris, ciliary body, choroid

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10
Q

inner neural layer

A

retina

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11
Q

cornea

A
  • first refraction of light entering the eye
  • directs light to lens
  • avascular
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12
Q

sclera

A
  • supportive outer white layer
  • attachment site for extraocular muscles convered by mucous membranes (conjunctive) to lubricate eye
  • vascular
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13
Q

limbus

A

transition zone between cornea and sclera

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14
Q

iris

A
  • contains pupillary dilator and sphincter muscles
  • controls pull size depending on light and nervous system
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15
Q

ciliary body

A
  • produces aqueous humour
  • contains ciliary muscles
  • helps focus lens using zonular fibers and ciliary muscles
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16
Q

lens

A

focus light on retina

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17
Q

intraocular

A

within the eye

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18
Q

extraocular

A

outside the eye

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19
Q

ciliary muscles

A

form ring around the eye

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20
Q

what happens when ciliary muscles are relaxed

A

they expand
- zonular fibers tense
- lens flattened for focusing on distant objects

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21
Q

what happens when ciliary muscles constict

A
  • they contract
  • zonular fibers relax
  • lens are rounded for focusing on close objects
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22
Q

explain what happens with the ciliary muscles when viewing distant object

A
  1. ciliary muscles relax
  2. zonular fibers tighten
  3. lens flatten
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23
Q

explain what happens with the ciliary muscles when viewing close object

A
  1. ciliary muscles contract
  2. zonular fibers relax
  3. lens thickens
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24
Q

which of the following is true?
1. when viewing distant objects, the ciliary muscles contract, which tenses the zonular fibers and flattens the lens
2. distant objects, the ciliary relax, which relaxes the zonular fibers and flattens the lens
3. near objects, the ciliary contract, relaxing the zonular and thickens the lens
4. near objects, ciliary relax, tensing the zonular fibers and flattens the lens

A

3.

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25
Q

pupillary muscles

A

dilator pupillae
sphincter pupillae

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26
Q

dilator pupillae

A
  • muscle fibers run longitudinally towards margins of iris
  • enlarges pupil when contracted
  • sympathetic NS
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27
Q

sphincter pupillae

A
  • concentric muscle fibers
  • constricts pupil when contracted
  • parasympathetic NS
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28
Q

bright lights or PSNS to pupillary muscles

A

sphincter pupillae- contracted
dilator pupillae- not contracted
makes pupil smaller

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29
Q

dim light or SNS signals to pupillary muscles

A

sphincter pupillae- not contracted
dilator pupillae- contracted
makes pupil larger

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30
Q

choroid

A
  • nourishes retina
  • maintains eye temperature and volume
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31
Q

parts of the inner neural layer/retina

A
  • macula (fovea in centre)
  • optic disc
  • ora serrata
  • optic nerve
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32
Q

macula (fovea in center)

A
  • highest concentration of photoreceptor cells
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33
Q

optic disc

A
  • where optic nerve exits the eye
  • blind spot: no photoreceptors
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34
Q

ora serrata

A

anterior border of retina

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35
Q

optic nerve

A

accumulation of retinal axons

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36
Q

chambers of the eye

A

anterior cavity: (anterior chamber, posterior chamber)
Posterior cavity: Vitreous chamber

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37
Q

what is the largest chamber of the eye

A

vitreous chamber

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38
Q

posterior chamber

A
  • between the iris and lens
  • important for production and circulation of aqueous humor
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39
Q

anterior chamber

A
  • between cornea and iris
  • filled with aqueous humour
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40
Q

aqueous humour

A
  • maintains ocular (eye) pressure
  • replaced every 90 min
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41
Q

vitreous chamber

A

filled with vitreous humour

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42
Q

vitreous humour

A
  • maintains shape of eye
  • nourishes eye
  • attached to retina
  • makes up about 80% of eye volume
  • does not regenerate
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43
Q

what are the extraocular muscles

A
  • superior rectus
  • lateral rectus
  • inferior oblique
  • superior oblique
  • medial rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • levator palpebrae superioris
44
Q

superior rectus

A

pulls eye up

45
Q

lateral rectus

A

pulls eye laterally

46
Q

inferior oblique

A

up and out

47
Q

superior oblique

A

down and out

48
Q

medial rectus

A

pulls eye medially

49
Q

inferior rectus

A

pull eye downward

50
Q

lateral rectus innervation

A

abducens nerve (CN VI)

51
Q

superior oblique innervation

A

trochlear nerve

52
Q

innervation of the extraocular muscles

A

oculomotor nerve
except (“SOLAR”)
(lateral rectus)
(superior oblique)

53
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

system of glands and ducts
- produces and drains lacrimal fluid

54
Q

lacrimal fluid

A
  • lubericate eye surface
  • removes debris from eye
  • about 1mL produced each day
55
Q

part of the lacrimal apparatus

A
  1. lacrimal gland
  2. excretory lacrimal ducts
  3. superior and inferior puncta
  4. superior and inferior lacrimal canaliculi
  5. lacrimal sac
  6. nasolacrimal duct
56
Q

divisions of the ear

A
  • external
  • middle
  • internal
57
Q

parts of the external ear

A

auricle
external acoustic meatus

58
Q

auricle

A
  • cartilage
  • captures waves and sound
  • protects the opening of the ear
  • funnels sounds
59
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

from auricle –> tympanic membrane
lateral–> cartilage
medial–> temporal bone
- directs sounds waves into the ear
- ceruminous glands
- debris trapping hairs

60
Q

boney components of external ear

A

temporal bone

61
Q

tympanic membrane

A
  • separates the external and middle ear
  • vibrate in response to incoming sound waves
62
Q
A
63
Q

where does the external acoustic meatus end
1. tympanic membrane
2. vestibule
3. auditory tube
4. oval window

A

1.

64
Q

features of the middle ear

A
  • collect and amplify sound waves
  • transmits sound to internal ear
  • (auditory ossicles, tympanic mem, eustachian tube, path to nasopharynx)
65
Q

pharyngotympanic tube

A

matches pressure with the body
connects ear–> nose –> throat

66
Q

what do auditory ossicles do?

A
  • three bones
  • bony ossicles
  • connect tympanic membrane and internal ear
67
Q

the three bony ossicles

A

malleus–> incus–> stapes–> covers oval window causing it to vibrate

68
Q

muscles of middle ear

A

tensor tympani –> pulls on malleous
stapedius –> pulls on stapes
(prevents excessive vibration of the bony ossicles)

69
Q

oval window

A
  • stapes pushed against oval window to transmit sound waves to internal ear
70
Q

round window

A

helps sound waves travel through internal ear
- like an outlet helps flow
(below oval window)

71
Q

features of internal ear

A
  • innermost compartment
  • encased in temporal bone
  • sensations of hearing and balance
72
Q

what is the internal ear composed of

A
  • bony labyrinth
  • membranous labyrinth
73
Q

bony labyrinth

A
  • cochlea
    (cochlear duct)
  • vestibule
    (utricle and saccule)
  • 3 semicircular canals
    (semicircular ducts)
74
Q

cochlea

A
  • fluid filled
  • sensory organ for hearing
  • sound travels through the fluid
  • sends sound information to the brain
75
Q

vestibule

A
  • membranous labyrinth
  • utricle and saccule
  • balance and equilibrium
  • detects:
    head position
    gravity
    linear accerlation
  • maintain stability and posture
76
Q

semicircular canals

A

3 semiciruclar canals
- detects rotational motion in 3 different planes
- maintain balance

77
Q

sensory hair cells

A

cells with hair like projections
(sterocilia)
- detects motion
(hair cells get bent)
- hearing and balance

78
Q

which portion of the cochlea contain endolymph?
1. the Scala vestibuli
2. bony labyrinth
3. cochlear duct
4. tympanic duct

A

3

79
Q

what does the membranous labyrinth contain?

A
  • endolymph
80
Q

amplitude

A

volume of sound
- height of sound wave
- decibels (dB)

81
Q

frequency

A

pitch of sound
- how close together waves are together
- hertz (Hz)

82
Q

sound transmission

A
  1. sounds waves transmitted through external ear to tympanic membrane
  2. vibrations pass through ossicles of middle ear
  3. stapes pushes against oval window and sound waves are transmitted to cochlea
83
Q

parts of the cochlea

A
  • scala tympani
  • scala vestibuli
  • chochlear duct (scala media)
  • helicotema
84
Q

high pitch

A

doesnt travel as far into the cochlea

85
Q

low pitch

A

travels far within the cochlea

86
Q

how is sound determined

A
  • how many hair cells are stimulate determine how loud you hear
  • pitch is determined by pressure in cochlea
87
Q

what does the cochlear duct house?

A

sensory organ of corti
organ for hearin/spiral organ

88
Q

innervation of hearing

A

CN VIII

89
Q

whole process of hearing

A
  1. sound waves cause vibration of the tympanic membrane
  2. movement of tympanic membrane vibrates ossicles
  3. stapes pushings oval window causes waves in perilymph
  4. waves of perilymph push against basilar membrane as they travel through the cochlea
  5. hair cells push against tectorial membrane and when they bend a neural signal is transmitted
  6. impulses travel to CNS via cochlear branch of CN VIII
90
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

-external or middle ear
- usually temporary
(earwax build up)
(perforated eardrum)

91
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A
  • internal ear/nerve pathway
  • usually permanent
    (cochlear/nerve degeneration by again)
    (trauma induced)
92
Q

the receptors of the internal ear responsible for the detection of sound are termed?
1. tactile receptors
2. hair cells
3. proprioceptors
4. baroreceptors

A

2

93
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

vestibule
semicircular canals

94
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

maintaining balance when head and body are moved suddenly
- semicircular ducts

95
Q

static equilibrium

A

maintaining posture and stability when body is motionless
saccule anular utricle

96
Q

posteior semicircular canals

A

head side to side

97
Q

lateral semicircular canals

A

shaken head (‘no’)

98
Q

anterior semicircular canals

A

shaking head “yes”

99
Q

rotational movement

A

hair cells get activated with movement to get more information

100
Q

ampullar: semicircular canals

A
  • each duct contain an ampulla
  • swollen region containing sensory receptors
  • hair cells are clustered together on parts of the ampulla
101
Q

what are hair cells embedded in

A

gelatinous mass
cupula

102
Q

cupula

A

emphym cause cupula to move which stimulates hair cells

103
Q

process of sensing rotational movement

A
  1. head rotates and causes movement of endolymph
  2. semicircular canal rotates with the head and endolymph sloshes against cupula
  3. displacement of cupula distorts the sensory hair cells
  4. nerve impulses are transmitted during this displacement/movement
104
Q

saccule and utricle

A

membranous sacs filled with endolymph
each sac contains a macula (hairs cells in macula)
Utricle: horizontal acceleration
saccule: vertical acceleration

105
Q

macula

A

contains otoliths

106
Q

otoliths

A
  • crystals are heavy and lag behind
  • gravity causes them to move the causes hair cells to move

ANAT 316 (17 decks)

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