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ANAT 316 > neuroanatomy I and II > Flashcards

neuroanatomy I and II Flashcards

1
Q

layers of the scalp

A

Skin
Connective tissue
Apoenurosis
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum

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2
Q

what is the proper scalp

A

skin
connective tissue
aponeurosis
(are connected and move together)

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3
Q

aponeurosis

A

helps prevent stretching of the scalp

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4
Q

deep scalp

A

loose connective tissue
periosteum

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5
Q

what is within the loose CT

A

emissary vein and others

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6
Q

what could travel through the emissary vein

A

potential infection into the cranial vault

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7
Q

what are meninges

A

3 layers of tissue to provide protection and support to the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

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8
Q

superfifcal to deep of the meninges

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
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9
Q

dura mater

A
  • think layer of meninges deep to the calvarium (skull cap)
  • encloses dural venous sinuses (major structures that drain the cranial vault)
  • at the edge of the skull, at the foramen magnum
  • continues around the edge of skull and around the spinal cord
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10
Q

what does the dura mater form

A

three invagination (folds) with the cranial vault
- falx cerebri
- tentorium cerebelli
- falx cerebelli

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11
Q

where does falx cerebri attach

A

anteriorly to the crista Galli of the ethmoid bone

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12
Q

layers within the dura mater

A

2
periosteal layer (superifical) (around the edge of the skull)
meningeal layer (deeper) (around the spinal cord)
- these layers split to help form the dural venous sinuses

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13
Q

spaces within the dura mater

A

2
- epidural space
- subdural space

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14
Q

why are the spaces within the dura mater potential space?

A

they are not found unless trauma/disease cause seperation of these layers

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15
Q

arachnoid mater

A

sits deep to the dura, on the dura

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16
Q

subarachnoid space

A

between arachnoid and pia, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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17
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • CSF helps metabolically and physically support the brain
  • metabollicaly: exchange medium
  • physically: buoyancy and cushion
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18
Q

arachnoid granulations

A

drain CSF through the dura

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19
Q

arachnoid trabeculae

A

support the arachnoid mater

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20
Q

pia mater

A

closely covers cortical sulci and gyri
- subpial space exists between pia and cortex (another potential space)

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21
Q

spinal meninges

A

3 layers of tissue to provide protection and support to the spina cord:
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater

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22
Q

spinal meninges: dura and arachnoid

A

cover the spinal nerve roots

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23
Q

spinal meninges: pia and dura

A

denticulate ligaments (from pia) connect to dura for cord stability

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24
Q

spinal meinings: epidural space

A

contains fat and venous plexuses

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25
Q

subarachnoid space

A

contain CSF

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26
Q

subdural and subpial space

A

are potential spaces

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27
Q

what are the ventricles?

A

4 cavities within the brain responsible for deep CSF flow
- 2 lateral ventricles
- third ventricle
- fourth ventricle

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28
Q

lateral ventricles

A
  • associated with various lobes of the cerebrum (the telencephalon)
  • anterior horn
  • inferior horn
  • posterior horn
  • body
  • atrium
  • interventricular foramen
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29
Q

what does the interventricular foramen (of munro) help with

A

CSF flow

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30
Q

third ventricle

A

associated with the thalamus and hypothalamus
(the diencephalon)
- roof
- anterior wall
- 2 lateral walls
- floor
- posterior wall
- interthalamic adhesion (bond of tissue)

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31
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects the third and fourth ventricles, passing through the midbrain into the pons

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32
Q

fourth ventricle

A

associated with the pons (the myelencephalon)
- there are 3 apertures in the fourth ventricle (2 lateral and 1 median)
- last part before the spinal cord
- foramina of luschka/lateral apertures
- foramen of magen median aperture

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33
Q

central canal

A

continues all the way down the spinal cord
- provides metabolic support to the deep spinal cord

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34
Q

choroid plexus

A

collection of ependymal cell found on the walls of all 4 ventricles, in specific areas

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35
Q

what does the choroid plexus produce

A

cerebrospinal fluid, which flows into the ventricles

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36
Q

ventricular flow

A

lateral ventricle–>interventricular foramen–>third ventricle–> cerebral aqueduct–>fourth ventricle

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37
Q

what are the 3 options CSF could go from fourth ventricle

A
  1. foramina of luschka
  2. central canal
  3. foramen of magendie
38
Q

CSF exiting the ventricles

A
  • CSF exits into small subarachnoid spaces called cisterns (small cavities)
  • from cisterns, CSF flows along the outer cortices of the cerebrum and cerebellum
39
Q

arachnoid granulations

A
  • CSF exits the subarachnoid space through arachnoid granulations
  • these pierce through the dura to drain CSF into the dural venous sinuses
40
Q

overview of cranial CSF flow

A
  1. choroid plexus
  2. lateral ventricle
  3. interventricular foramen
  4. third ventricle
  5. cerebral aqueduct
  6. fourth ventricle
  7. median/lateral apertures
  8. subarachnoid cisterns
  9. bathes superficial brain
  10. arachnoid granulations
  11. dural venous sinuses
41
Q

three major branches off the aorta

A
  • brachiocephalic trunk
  • left common carotid artery
  • left subclavian artery
42
Q

brachiocephalic truck

A

ends and splits into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery

43
Q

four major arteries to the brain

A

common carotid artery–> internal carotid artery

subclavian artery–> vertebral artery

44
Q

what canal does the internal carotid artery go through

A
  • carotid canal
45
Q

what canal does the vertebral artery go through

A

anterior portion of foramen magnum (anterior to spinal cord)

46
Q

how is the basilar artery formed

A

formed by left and right vertebral arteries joining

47
Q

where does the basilar artery sit

A

in basilar groove of pons

48
Q

what does the basilar artery give off

A

pontine arteries to supply the pons

49
Q

bifurcation of basilar artery

A

into 2 posterior cerebral arteries
(supply the posterior cerebral cortex)

50
Q

circle of wills

A

anastomosis of arteries providing major cerebral blood supply

51
Q

contents of circle of willis

A
  • basilar artery
  • posterior cerebral arteries
  • posterior communicating arteries
  • internal carotid arteries
  • middle cerebral arteries
  • anterior cerebral arteries
  • anterior communicating artery
52
Q

what is the point of the circle of willis

A

allows blood to get everywhere even if there is some damage (ex. blood clot)

53
Q

basilar artery bifurcates into?

A

posterior cerebral arteries

54
Q

internal carotid artery gives off?

A

anterior and middle cerebral arteries and posterior communicating arteries

55
Q

posterior communicating artery

A

connects internal carotid artery with posterior cerebral artery
- provides connections

56
Q

how are anterior cerebral arteries connected

A

by anterior communicating artery

57
Q

venous drainage

A
  • consists of dural venous sinuses that drain the inner structure of the cranial vault
58
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A
  • lies along mid-sagittal plane, in falx cerebri
59
Q

confluence of sinuses

A

superior sagittal sinus–> confluence of sinuses–> transverse sinuses
- it is the meeting point of all of these sinuses

60
Q

where does the transverse sinuses sit?

A

in the tentorium cerebelli

61
Q

terminal drainage of brain

A
  • transverse sinus becomes sigmoid sinus when exiting tentorium cerebelli
  • sigmoid sinus drains into the internal jugular vein
  • jugular blub is a superior enlargement of the internal jugular vein
62
Q

cavernous sinus

A

venous plexus sitting lateral to the body of the sphenoid bone
- drains eye, parts of cerebral cortex, and pituitary gland
- only one that is pierced (by the internal carotid artery)
- internal carotid artery then curves up to exit the dura, and contribute to the circle of wills

63
Q

parts of diencephalon

A
  1. epithalamus
  2. thalamus
  3. hypothalamus
    (superior to the midterm)
64
Q

thalamus

A
  • smell
  • automatic actions
  • transmitting info
  • 80% dicephalon
  • interthalamic adhesion
  • third ventricle
  • internal capsule (bond of white matter)-relays info
65
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • small
  • body activities (homeostasis)
  • regulation eating
  • body temp
  • infundibulum
  • pituitary gland
66
Q

epithalamus

A
  • habenular nuclei
  • pineal gland
67
Q

habenular nuclei

A
  • smell + emotion response to smell
68
Q

pineal gland

A
  • around 3 vent
  • endocrine/secrets melatonin
69
Q

brainstem

A

consists of:
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata

70
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • continuation of the superior part of the spinal cord
  • form the inferior part of the brainstem
  • contains all sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts that connect the spinal cord to the brain
71
Q

what does the anterior aspect of the medulla have

A

two prominent bulges called pyramids:
- 90% of axons cross to opposite side
- crossing is called the decussation of pyramids - allows for contralateral control

72
Q

pons

A
  • superior to medulla, anterior to cerebellum
  • contains a control center for respiration
  • bridge like, connects sides of the brain
73
Q

midbrain

A
  • extends upward from pons to diencephalon
  • involved in the auditory and visual pathway
74
Q

what features are on the midbrain

A
  • superior colliculi (visual)
  • inferior colliculi (auditory)
75
Q

protective structure of spinal cord

A
  • vertebral column
  • spinal meninges
  • cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
76
Q

spinal meninges

A
  • pia mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • dura mater
77
Q

spinal meninges: epidural space

A

between vertebral canal and dura
- cushion and CT

78
Q

spinal meninges: subdural space

A

between dura and arachnoid
- interstitial fluid

79
Q

spinal meninges: subarachnoid space

A

between arachnoid and pia
- shock absorbing bc of CSF

80
Q

spinal meninges: denticulate ligament

A

suspend spinal cord in Dural sheath
- trigangle shape
- thickening of pia mater
- protects lateral

81
Q

spinal cord enlargements

A

cervical enlargement
lumbosacral enlargement

82
Q

cervical enlargement

A

fourth cervical to first thoracic vertebrae (C4-T1)
- supplies the upper extremities

83
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A
  • (T9-T12)
  • supplies the lower extremities
84
Q

spinal cord external anatomy

A
  • conus medullaris
  • filum terminale
  • cauda equina
85
Q

conus medullaris

A
  • termination of the spinal cord
  • located between the first and second lumbar vertebrae (L1-L2)
86
Q

filum terminale

A
  • extension of the pia mater
  • attaches the spinal cord to the coccyx
87
Q

cauda equina

A
  • lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves
  • “horses tail”
88
Q

grey matter of spinal cord

A

posterior horn- motor actions
lateral horn- smooth muscle, autonomic
anterior horn- contraction of skeletal muscle, sensor

89
Q

white matter of spinal cord

A

posterior funiculus
lateral funiculus
anterior funiculus

90
Q

ascending

A

sensory

91
Q

descending

A

motor

ANAT 316 (17 decks)

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