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Pharmacology > Skin (year 2) > Flashcards

Skin (year 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the layers of the skin?

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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2
Q

what structures are associated with the dermis?

A

sweat glands
sebaceous glands
hair and follicle

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3
Q

what are the functions of the skin? (6)

A 
sensory
protection
secretion/excretion
vitamin D production
immune regulation
temperature regulation
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4
Q

what sensory perceptions does skin have?

A 
touch
pressure
itch
pain 
heat/cold
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5
Q

what does the skin protect animals from?

A

physical insult
microbes
solar radiation
water loss

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6
Q

what does the skin secrete?

A

sweat

sebum

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7
Q

what are the ways pathophysiology of skin is defined?

A

irritation (pruritus)
inflammation
secondary infection

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8
Q

when is pruritus unhelpful?

A

excessive damage
distraction
sleep deprivation

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9
Q

what is pruritis mediated by?

A

non-myelinated sensory nerves

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10
Q

what are prurinogens often produced by?

A

mast cells

T lymphocytes

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11
Q

what do prurinogens do?

A

bind to specific receptors and initiate pruritic reflex

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12
Q

what are some examples of prurinogens?

A 
cytokines (IL31)
histamine
protease
substance P
leukotrienes
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13
Q

what mediators are involved in inflammation?

A

cytokines (IL2, IL4)
prostaglandins
interleukins
leukotrienes

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14
Q

what changes in the skin occur overtime due to damage and infection?

A 
thickening
scaling/crusts
erosion/ulcers
alopecia
changes in yeast/bacteria
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15
Q

what are the advantages of topical treatment?

A

easy access to lesions
minimise toxicity
allow different treatment of different areas

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16
Q

what are the disadvantages of topical treatment?

A

impractical in large animals
thick hair can prevent it
some patients/owners are unwilling
home-made/shop-bought preparations can be inappropriate

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17
Q

what are the forms of topical treatment?

A 
shampoos
foams
sprays
wipes
creams
gels
ointment
spot-on
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18
Q

what properties can topical agents have?

A 
cleansing products
anti-seborrheic 
emollient
antimicrobial
anti-inflammatory
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19
Q

what do cleansing products do?

A

remove bacteria, yeasts and skin cells along with other debris

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20
Q

what cleansing effect can using just water allow?

A

remove some skin scales

hydrate/dry depending on temperature and time of immersion

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21
Q

what do anti-seborrheic shampoos do?

A

remove grease and scale

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22
Q

what are the two ways anti-seborrheics remove grease/scale?

A

keratoplastic

keratolytic

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23
Q

what does keratoplastic mean?

A

reduce skin cell turnover to reduce scale production

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24
Q

what does keratolytic mean?

A

removes cells from the skin surface by breaking keratinoud bonds

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25
give an example of a keratoplastic anti-seborrheic agent
sulphur
26
give an example of a keratolytic anti-seborrheic agent
salicylic acid
27
what do emollient agents do?
moistures and restores barrier function of skin
28
what are the two ways emollient agents work?
occlusion | hydrophilic
29
give an example of an occlusive emollient agent
greasy agents such as lanolin
30
give an example of a hydrophilic emollient agent
bind water such as urea or propylene glycol
31
what are the groups of antimicrobials that can be used to remove/kill easy and bacteria?
antibiotic anti fungal disinfectants anti-microbial proteins
32
what are some examples of steroids that can be used as anti-inflammatories? (2)
betamethasone | hydrocortisone aceponate
33
what 3 substances do ear creams all contain?
steroid antibiotic anti fungal
34
what properties does sulphur have when used in skin pharmacology?
keratoplastic keratolytic antibacterial/anti-fungal not degreasing - doesn't dry skin
35
how does sulphur work as a keratoplastic?
cytostatic on basal cell layer of epidermis, hence slows down epidermal cell proliferation
36
how does sulphur work as a keratolytic?
forms hydrogen sulphide that softens the stratum corneum causing shedding of cells
37
what is sulphur used for?
mild grease, scale and proliferation such as primary seborrhoea
38
what is sulphur usually combined with?
salicylic acid
39
what does salicylic acid do when used with sulphur?
increases degreasing power
40
what effects does salicylic acid have?
keratolytic mild anti-pruritic mild anti-inflammatory
41
how does salicylic acid work as a keratolytic?
lowers skin pH hydrates keratin causing swelling to cells desquamation
42
what must be used with salicylic acid?
a moisturiser
43
what effects does selenium sulphide have?
keratolytic keratoplastic antimicrobial
44
how does selenium sulphide work as a keratolytic?
interferes with hydrogen bond formation in keratin
45
how does selenium sulphide work as a keratoplastic?
depresses epidermal growth
46
what two adverse effects are there of selenium sulphide?
stains coat pink | incredible skin drying - irritation
47
what is chlorhexidine used as?
anti-bacterial anti-fungal cationic surfactant
48
how does chlorhexidine work as a cationic surfactant?
disrupts microbial cell membranes | coagulates cytoplasmic proteins
49
what are good features of chlorhexidine?
non-irritant non-toxic functions in organic debris
50
what is miconazole used as?
antibacterial | antifungal
51
how does miconazole work as an anti-fungal?
inhibits synthesis of ergosterol (component of fungal cell membranes)
52
what is miconazole often combined with?
chlorhexidine
53
what functions does ethyl lactate have?
cleansing | antibacterial
54
what is ethyl lactate used to treat?
mild superficial bacterial infections
55
how does ethyl lactate work?
metabolised to ethanol and lactic acid which solubilises lipids and lowers the skin pH
56
what is hypochlorous acid used as?
antibacterial
57
what is the disadvantages of hypochlorous acid?
no residual effect | may bleach fur
58
what can iodine be used to treat?
bacterial and fungal infections
59
what properties does iodine have?
baceriocide fungicide virucide sporicide
60
what is iodine inhibited by?
organic debris - binds to the debris before the pathogens
61
what functions does hydrocortisone aceponate have?
anti-inflammatory | antipruritic
62
how is hydrocortisone aceponate administered?
as an alcohol spray
63
why does hydrocortisone aceponate have minimal systemic effects?
aceponates broken down in the dermis
64
what are the two steroids used?
hydrocortisone aceponate | betamethasone
65
what functions does betamethasone have?
anti-inflammatory | antipruritic
66
what is betamethasone combined with?
fucidic acid
67
give examples of some emollients
zinc gluconate glycerin liposomes propylene glycol
68
what are 4 common moisturisers?
urea glycerin propylene glycol vaseline
69
what does penetration of the skin depend on for topical products? (4)
condition of skin anatomical location drug properties vehicle properties
70
what systemic drugs are used to treat pruritus and inflammation? (4)
steroids ciclosporin oclacitnib lokivetmab
71
what spectrum of action do steroid have?
very broad
72
what is the mode of action does cyclosporin have?
calcineurin inhibitor
73
what does inhibition of calcineurin inhibit?
T cell activation - reduced interleukin production
74
what spectrum of action does ciclosporin have?
broad
75
what are the adverse effects of ciclosporin?
immunosuppression vomiting/diarrhoea increased hair/gum growth
76
what mode of action does oclactinib have?
JAK inhibitor - blocks IL2 and IL2
77
what is the spectrum of action of oclactinib?
narrow
78
what is the mode of action of lokivetmab?
monoclonal antibody therapy for IL31 - inhibits its binding to the receptor
79
what are the adverse effects of lokivetmab?
hypersensitivity vomiting/diarrhoea neurological signs

Pharmacology (25 decks)

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