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Pharmacology > Skin (year 2) > Flashcards

Skin (year 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the layers of the skin?

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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2
Q

what structures are associated with the dermis?

A

sweat glands
sebaceous glands
hair and follicle

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3
Q

what are the functions of the skin? (6)

A 
sensory
protection
secretion/excretion
vitamin D production
immune regulation
temperature regulation
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4
Q

what sensory perceptions does skin have?

A 
touch
pressure
itch
pain 
heat/cold
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5
Q

what does the skin protect animals from?

A

physical insult
microbes
solar radiation
water loss

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6
Q

what does the skin secrete?

A

sweat

sebum

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7
Q

what are the ways pathophysiology of skin is defined?

A

irritation (pruritus)
inflammation
secondary infection

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8
Q

when is pruritus unhelpful?

A

excessive damage
distraction
sleep deprivation

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9
Q

what is pruritis mediated by?

A

non-myelinated sensory nerves

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10
Q

what are prurinogens often produced by?

A

mast cells

T lymphocytes

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11
Q

what do prurinogens do?

A

bind to specific receptors and initiate pruritic reflex

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12
Q

what are some examples of prurinogens?

A 
cytokines (IL31)
histamine
protease
substance P
leukotrienes
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13
Q

what mediators are involved in inflammation?

A

cytokines (IL2, IL4)
prostaglandins
interleukins
leukotrienes

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14
Q

what changes in the skin occur overtime due to damage and infection?

A 
thickening
scaling/crusts
erosion/ulcers
alopecia
changes in yeast/bacteria
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15
Q

what are the advantages of topical treatment?

A

easy access to lesions
minimise toxicity
allow different treatment of different areas

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16
Q

what are the disadvantages of topical treatment?

A

impractical in large animals
thick hair can prevent it
some patients/owners are unwilling
home-made/shop-bought preparations can be inappropriate

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17
Q

what are the forms of topical treatment?

A 
shampoos
foams
sprays
wipes
creams
gels
ointment
spot-on
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18
Q

what properties can topical agents have?

A 
cleansing products
anti-seborrheic 
emollient
antimicrobial
anti-inflammatory
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19
Q

what do cleansing products do?

A

remove bacteria, yeasts and skin cells along with other debris

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20
Q

what cleansing effect can using just water allow?

A

remove some skin scales

hydrate/dry depending on temperature and time of immersion

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21
Q

what do anti-seborrheic shampoos do?

A

remove grease and scale

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22
Q

what are the two ways anti-seborrheics remove grease/scale?

A

keratoplastic

keratolytic

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23
Q

what does keratoplastic mean?

A

reduce skin cell turnover to reduce scale production

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24
Q

what does keratolytic mean?

A

removes cells from the skin surface by breaking keratinoud bonds

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25
Q

give an example of a keratoplastic anti-seborrheic agent

A

sulphur

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26
Q

give an example of a keratolytic anti-seborrheic agent

A

salicylic acid

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27
Q

what do emollient agents do?

A

moistures and restores barrier function of skin

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28
Q

what are the two ways emollient agents work?

A

occlusion

hydrophilic

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29
Q

give an example of an occlusive emollient agent

A

greasy agents such as lanolin

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30
Q

give an example of a hydrophilic emollient agent

A

bind water such as urea or propylene glycol

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31
Q

what are the groups of antimicrobials that can be used to remove/kill easy and bacteria?

A

antibiotic
anti fungal
disinfectants
anti-microbial proteins

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32
Q

what are some examples of steroids that can be used as anti-inflammatories? (2)

A

betamethasone

hydrocortisone aceponate

33
Q

what 3 substances do ear creams all contain?

A

steroid
antibiotic
anti fungal

34
Q

what properties does sulphur have when used in skin pharmacology?

A

keratoplastic
keratolytic
antibacterial/anti-fungal
not degreasing - doesn’t dry skin

35
Q

how does sulphur work as a keratoplastic?

A

cytostatic on basal cell layer of epidermis, hence slows down epidermal cell proliferation

36
Q

how does sulphur work as a keratolytic?

A

forms hydrogen sulphide that softens the stratum corneum causing shedding of cells

37
Q

what is sulphur used for?

A

mild grease, scale and proliferation such as primary seborrhoea

38
Q

what is sulphur usually combined with?

A

salicylic acid

39
Q

what does salicylic acid do when used with sulphur?

A

increases degreasing power

40
Q

what effects does salicylic acid have?

A

keratolytic
mild anti-pruritic
mild anti-inflammatory

41
Q

how does salicylic acid work as a keratolytic?

A

lowers skin pH
hydrates keratin causing swelling to cells
desquamation

42
Q

what must be used with salicylic acid?

A

a moisturiser

43
Q

what effects does selenium sulphide have?

A

keratolytic
keratoplastic
antimicrobial

44
Q

how does selenium sulphide work as a keratolytic?

A

interferes with hydrogen bond formation in keratin

45
Q

how does selenium sulphide work as a keratoplastic?

A

depresses epidermal growth

46
Q

what two adverse effects are there of selenium sulphide?

A

stains coat pink

incredible skin drying - irritation

47
Q

what is chlorhexidine used as?

A

anti-bacterial
anti-fungal
cationic surfactant

48
Q

how does chlorhexidine work as a cationic surfactant?

A

disrupts microbial cell membranes

coagulates cytoplasmic proteins

49
Q

what are good features of chlorhexidine?

A

non-irritant
non-toxic
functions in organic debris

50
Q

what is miconazole used as?

A

antibacterial

antifungal

51
Q

how does miconazole work as an anti-fungal?

A

inhibits synthesis of ergosterol (component of fungal cell membranes)

52
Q

what is miconazole often combined with?

A

chlorhexidine

53
Q

what functions does ethyl lactate have?

A

cleansing

antibacterial

54
Q

what is ethyl lactate used to treat?

A

mild superficial bacterial infections

55
Q

how does ethyl lactate work?

A

metabolised to ethanol and lactic acid which solubilises lipids and lowers the skin pH

56
Q

what is hypochlorous acid used as?

A

antibacterial

57
Q

what is the disadvantages of hypochlorous acid?

A

no residual effect

may bleach fur

58
Q

what can iodine be used to treat?

A

bacterial and fungal infections

59
Q

what properties does iodine have?

A

baceriocide
fungicide
virucide
sporicide

60
Q

what is iodine inhibited by?

A

organic debris - binds to the debris before the pathogens

61
Q

what functions does hydrocortisone aceponate have?

A

anti-inflammatory

antipruritic

62
Q

how is hydrocortisone aceponate administered?

A

as an alcohol spray

63
Q

why does hydrocortisone aceponate have minimal systemic effects?

A

aceponates broken down in the dermis

64
Q

what are the two steroids used?

A

hydrocortisone aceponate

betamethasone

65
Q

what functions does betamethasone have?

A

anti-inflammatory

antipruritic

66
Q

what is betamethasone combined with?

A

fucidic acid

67
Q

give examples of some emollients

A

zinc gluconate
glycerin
liposomes
propylene glycol

68
Q

what are 4 common moisturisers?

A

urea
glycerin
propylene glycol
vaseline

69
Q

what does penetration of the skin depend on for topical products? (4)

A

condition of skin
anatomical location
drug properties
vehicle properties

70
Q

what systemic drugs are used to treat pruritus and inflammation? (4)

A

steroids
ciclosporin
oclacitnib
lokivetmab

71
Q

what spectrum of action do steroid have?

A

very broad

72
Q

what is the mode of action does cyclosporin have?

A

calcineurin inhibitor

73
Q

what does inhibition of calcineurin inhibit?

A

T cell activation - reduced interleukin production

74
Q

what spectrum of action does ciclosporin have?

A

broad

75
Q

what are the adverse effects of ciclosporin?

A

immunosuppression
vomiting/diarrhoea
increased hair/gum growth

76
Q

what mode of action does oclactinib have?

A

JAK inhibitor - blocks IL2 and IL2

77
Q

what is the spectrum of action of oclactinib?

A

narrow

78
Q

what is the mode of action of lokivetmab?

A

monoclonal antibody therapy for IL31 - inhibits its binding to the receptor

79
Q

what are the adverse effects of lokivetmab?

A

hypersensitivity
vomiting/diarrhoea
neurological signs

Pharmacology (25 decks)

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