Sedatives (year 2)

Question 1

what is the effects of a low dose of a sedative?

Answer 1

calm and drowsy (not very responsive but can be roused)

Question 2

what is the effect of a high dose of a sedative?

Answer 2

sleep (can be roused)

Question 3

what is the effect of a low dose of a tranquilliser?

Answer 3

calm but alert/responsive (can respond to stimuli but not bothered by them)

Question 4

what is the effect of a high dose of a tranquilliser?

Answer 4

catalepsy (altered state of consciousness)

Question 5

what is the effect an anxiolytic?

Answer 5

calm with altered stimuli response (normally stressful situations aren’t stressful)

Question 6

what effects does a neuroleptic specifically relate to?

Answer 6

specific effects of phenothiazine or butyrophenones in the CNS

Question 7

what is meant by a neuroleptanalgesia?

Answer 7

effects of combining opioids with a neuroleptic

Question 8

what are the main classes of sedative? (4)

Answer 8

alpha2 agonist
phenothiazine
butyrophenones
benzodiazepines

Question 9

what is the effect of pre-synaptic alpha2 receptors stimulation?

Answer 9

sympatholysis

Question 10

what is the effect of post-synaptic alpha2 receptors stimulation?

Answer 10

sympathomimemesis

Question 11

what is the endogenous neurotransmitter that binds to alpha2 receptors?

Answer 11

noradrenaline

Question 12

where are most of the alpha2 receptors in the periphery?

Answer 12

post-synaptic (sympathomimetic)

Question 13

where are most of the alpha2 receptors in the CNS?

Answer 13

pre-synaptic (sympatholytic)

Question 14

how can alpha2 agonists be administered?

Answer 14

inject

oral

Question 15

what are the names of the alpha2 agonists, in order of shortest to longest lasting? (5)

Answer 15

xylazine
detomidine
romifidine
medetomidine
dexmedetomidine

Question 16

what are the main effects of alpha2 agonists? (3)

Answer 16

sedation
analgesia
muscle relaxation

Question 17

how do alpha2 agonists cause analgesia?

Answer 17

inhibit substance P release in dorsal horns of spinal cord

Question 18

what are some side effects of alpha2 agonists?

Answer 18

vasoconstriction
diuresis
hyperglycaemia
muscle relaxation
sweating

Question 19

is there an antagonist available for the alpha2 agonists?

Answer 19

yes (atipamezole)

Question 20

what is the licensed phenothiazine?

Answer 20

acepromazine (ACP)

Question 21

what effects do phenothiazines have on receptors?

Answer 21

antagonism them

Question 22

what receptors does acepromazine have high efficacy at? (2)

Answer 22

alpha1 adrenoreceptors

dopamine2 receptors

Question 23

what is the main effect of phenothiazine when acting on alpha1 adrenoreceptors?

Answer 23

vasodilation

Question 24

what are the main effects of phenothiazine when acting on dopamine2 receptors? (2)

Answer 24

sedation

muscle relaxation

Question 25

what receptor does acepromazine have medium efficacy at?

Answer 25

histamine receptors

Question 26

what are the main effects of phenothiazine when acting on histamine receptors? (2)

Answer 26

anti-emetic | reduce hypersensitivity

Question 27

what receptors does acepromazine have low efficacy at? (2)

Answer 27

serotonin receptors | muscarinic receptors

Question 28

what are the main effects of phenothiazine when acting on serotonin receptors?

Answer 28

decreased alertness

Question 29

what are the main effects of phenothiazine when acting on muscarinic receptors?

Answer 29

reduce parasympathetic tone

Question 30

how can acepromazine be administered?

Answer 30

inject | oral

Question 31

what are the main effects of acepromazine? (4)

Answer 31

sedation muscle relaxation anti-emetic anti-histamine

Question 32

does acepromazine provide analgesia?

Answer 32

no (hence used with opioids)

Question 33

what are some side effects of phenothiazine?

Answer 33

vasodilation syncope long lasting side effects

Question 34

what receptors does butyrophenones effect?

Answer 34

dopamine2 receptors | histamine receptors

Question 35

what effect do butyrophenones have on dopamine2 and histamine receptors?

Answer 35

antagonise them

Question 36

what are the main effects of butyrophenones?

Answer 36

sedation muscle relaxation anti-emetic anti-histamine

Question 37

do butyrophenones give analgesia?

Answer 37

no

Question 38

what are some side effects of butyrophenones?

Answer 38

vasodilation | long last side effects

Question 39

are benzodiazepines agonists or antagonists/

Answer 39

agonists

Question 40

what receptors do benzodiazepines effect?

Answer 40

GABA receptors

Question 41

what are some examples of benzodiazepines? (2)

Answer 41

diazepam | midazolam

Question 42

what are the main effects of benzodiazepines?

Answer 42

sedation (less predictable effect) muscle relaxation minimal CV/respiratory side effects

Question 43

do benzodiazepines give analgesia?

Answer 43

no

Question 44

is an antagonist available for the benzodiazepines?

Answer 44

yes (flumazenil)