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Pharmacology > Sedatives (year 2) > Flashcards

Sedatives (year 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the effects of a low dose of a sedative?

A

calm and drowsy (not very responsive but can be roused)

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2
Q

what is the effect of a high dose of a sedative?

A

sleep (can be roused)

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3
Q

what is the effect of a low dose of a tranquilliser?

A

calm but alert/responsive (can respond to stimuli but not bothered by them)

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4
Q

what is the effect of a high dose of a tranquilliser?

A

catalepsy (altered state of consciousness)

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5
Q

what is the effect an anxiolytic?

A

calm with altered stimuli response (normally stressful situations aren’t stressful)

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6
Q

what effects does a neuroleptic specifically relate to?

A

specific effects of phenothiazine or butyrophenones in the CNS

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7
Q

what is meant by a neuroleptanalgesia?

A

effects of combining opioids with a neuroleptic

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8
Q

what are the main classes of sedative? (4)

A

alpha2 agonist
phenothiazine
butyrophenones
benzodiazepines

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9
Q

what is the effect of pre-synaptic alpha2 receptors stimulation?

A

sympatholysis

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10
Q

what is the effect of post-synaptic alpha2 receptors stimulation?

A

sympathomimemesis

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11
Q

what is the endogenous neurotransmitter that binds to alpha2 receptors?

A

noradrenaline

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12
Q

where are most of the alpha2 receptors in the periphery?

A

post-synaptic (sympathomimetic)

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13
Q

where are most of the alpha2 receptors in the CNS?

A

pre-synaptic (sympatholytic)

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14
Q

how can alpha2 agonists be administered?

A

inject

oral

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15
Q

what are the names of the alpha2 agonists, in order of shortest to longest lasting? (5)

A 
xylazine
detomidine
romifidine
medetomidine
dexmedetomidine
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16
Q

what are the main effects of alpha2 agonists? (3)

A

sedation
analgesia
muscle relaxation

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17
Q

how do alpha2 agonists cause analgesia?

A

inhibit substance P release in dorsal horns of spinal cord

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18
Q

what are some side effects of alpha2 agonists?

A 
vasoconstriction
diuresis
hyperglycaemia
muscle relaxation
sweating
19
Q

is there an antagonist available for the alpha2 agonists?

A

yes (atipamezole)

20
Q

what is the licensed phenothiazine?

A

acepromazine (ACP)

21
Q

what effects do phenothiazines have on receptors?

A

antagonism them

22
Q

what receptors does acepromazine have high efficacy at? (2)

A

alpha1 adrenoreceptors

dopamine2 receptors

23
Q

what is the main effect of phenothiazine when acting on alpha1 adrenoreceptors?

A

vasodilation

24
Q

what are the main effects of phenothiazine when acting on dopamine2 receptors? (2)

A

sedation

muscle relaxation

25
Q

what receptor does acepromazine have medium efficacy at?

A

histamine receptors

26
Q

what are the main effects of phenothiazine when acting on histamine receptors? (2)

A

anti-emetic

reduce hypersensitivity

27
Q

what receptors does acepromazine have low efficacy at? (2)

A

serotonin receptors

muscarinic receptors

28
Q

what are the main effects of phenothiazine when acting on serotonin receptors?

A

decreased alertness

29
Q

what are the main effects of phenothiazine when acting on muscarinic receptors?

A

reduce parasympathetic tone

30
Q

how can acepromazine be administered?

A

inject

oral

31
Q

what are the main effects of acepromazine? (4)

A

sedation
muscle relaxation
anti-emetic
anti-histamine

32
Q

does acepromazine provide analgesia?

A

no (hence used with opioids)

33
Q

what are some side effects of phenothiazine?

A

vasodilation
syncope
long lasting side effects

34
Q

what receptors does butyrophenones effect?

A

dopamine2 receptors

histamine receptors

35
Q

what effect do butyrophenones have on dopamine2 and histamine receptors?

A

antagonise them

36
Q

what are the main effects of butyrophenones?

A

sedation
muscle relaxation
anti-emetic
anti-histamine

37
Q

do butyrophenones give analgesia?

A

no

38
Q

what are some side effects of butyrophenones?

A

vasodilation

long last side effects

39
Q

are benzodiazepines agonists or antagonists/

A

agonists

40
Q

what receptors do benzodiazepines effect?

A

GABA receptors

41
Q

what are some examples of benzodiazepines? (2)

A

diazepam

midazolam

42
Q

what are the main effects of benzodiazepines?

A

sedation (less predictable effect)
muscle relaxation
minimal CV/respiratory side effects

43
Q

do benzodiazepines give analgesia?

A

no

44
Q

is an antagonist available for the benzodiazepines?

A

yes (flumazenil)

Pharmacology (25 decks)

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