Endocrine (year 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what pharmacological agents are used to treat hyperthyroidism?

A

radioiodine and thioureylenes

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2
Q

what is the mechanism of action of radioiodine?

A

rapid selective uptake by thyroid and damaged cells, then emits short-range beta radiation that only effects thyroid follicle cell

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3
Q

how long after radioiodine will T3 and T4 levels begin to normalise?

A

1-2 weeks

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4
Q

how is radioiodine administered?

A

injection

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5
Q

what special precaution must be taken when giving a dog radioiodine?

A

hospitalised in isolation facilities for at least 2 weeks and excreta handled carefully

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6
Q

what species is radioiodine mainly used in?

A

cats

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7
Q

what is an adverse effect of radioiodine?

A

may cause hypothyroidism

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8
Q

name the thioureylenes

A

carbimazole and thiamazole

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9
Q

what is the mechanism of action of thioureylenes?

A

carbimazole is metabolised to methimazole which inhibits synthesis of thyroid hormones

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10
Q

how are thioureylenes administered?

A

orally once a day

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11
Q

what are the adverse effects of thioureylenes?

A

they are rare but may cause kidney problems in older cats

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12
Q

what drugs are used for hypothyroidism?

A

levothyroxine and liothyronine

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13
Q

what is the mechanism of action of levothyroxine and liothyronine?

A

they are identical to the endogenous version and given as replacement therapy

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14
Q

how are levothyroxine and liothyronine administered?

A

orally

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15
Q

what is the adverse effects of levothyroxine and liothyronine?

A

hyperthyroidism, tachycardia, excitability, nervousness

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16
Q

what agents can be used to treat adrenal disease?

A

glucocorticoid receptor agonist
mineralocorticoid receptor agonist
adrenal steroid synthesis inhibitors
dopamine receptor agonist

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17
Q

what is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoid receptor agonist?

A

enter cells by simple diffuse and synthetic glucocorticoids often aren’t protein bound

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18
Q

how are glucocorticoid receptor agonists administered?

A

topically, orally, systemically

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19
Q

what are the main uses of glucocorticoid receptor agonists?

A

replacement therapy for Addisons disease
anti-inflammatory
immunosuppressant

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20
Q

describe some adverse effects of glucocorticoid receptor agonists

A
Suppression infection/injury response
Wound healing is impaired 
Cushing’s syndrome
Osteoporosis
Hyperglycaemia
Muscle wasting
Fluids/electrolyte imbalances 
Oedema
Reduced milk yield s
GI ulceration
Abortion in late pregnancy
Laminitis
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21
Q

how are mineralocorticoid receptor agonists administered?

22
Q

what are mineralocorticoid receptor agonists used for?

A

replacement therapy for dogs with Addisons disease

23
Q

what are the adverse effects of mineralocorticoid receptor agonist?

A

they are rare but may cause polyuria or hypokalaemia

24
Q

name a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist

A

spironolactone - covered in diuretics

25
what is the mechanism of action of adrenal steroid synthesis inhibitors?
inhibits production of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoid and sex hormones by inhibiting 3beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase
26
name an adrenal steroid synthesis inhibitors
Trilostane
27
how are adrenal steroid synthesis inhibitors administered?
orally
28
what are adrenal steroid synthesis inhibitors used for?
treat hyperadrenocorticism by suppressing glucocorticoid production
29
what are dopamine receptor agonists used for?
treat equine cushing
30
what is the route of administration of dopamine receptor agonists?
oral
31
name a dopamine receptor agonists
pergolide
32
what are two pharmacological agents used to effect calcium metabolism?
calcium salts and vitamin D preparations
33
what are calcium salts used for?
replacement therapy for dietary deficiency, hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia
34
what calcium salt is used to treat hyperphosphataemia and how does it work?
calcium carbonate - an antacid that is poorly absorbed and binds to phosphate in the gut
35
give some examples of calcium salts used to effect calcium metabolism
calcium gluconate, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium borogluconate
36
how are calcium salts administered?
orally or parenterally (calcium gluconate)
37
what are some adverse affects of calcium salts?
cause GI upset, cardiac arrythmias
38
how are vitamin D preparations administered?
orally
39
what are vitamin D preparations used to treat?
hypocalcaemia following thyroidectomy or immune mediated hypoparathyroidism
40
what are the adverse effects of vitamin D preparations?
hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia, nephrocalcinosis
41
what two drugs can be used yo treat diabetes mellitus?
insulin and oral hypoglycaemics
42
what are feline and canine insulin replacements made from?
canine - porcine | feline - bovine
43
what is the mechanism of action of insulin receptor agonists?
bind to insulin and have the same response as endogenous insulin
44
how are insulin replacements administered?
injected usually subcutaneously | oral preparations will be broken down by GI tract as they are peptides
45
what is insulin replacements used for?
treat type 1 diabetes hyperglycaemic emergencies emergency hyperkalaemia
46
what are the adverse effects of insulin receptor agonists?
hypoglycaemia insulin resistance - antibodies or stress induced insulin receptor desensitisation
47
name an oral hypoglycaemic drug
sulphonureas - glipizide
48
what is the mechanism of action of sulphonureas?
they stimulate insulin secretion from beta cells and increases insulin sensitivity - requires some normal beta cell function
49
what are sulphonureas used to treat?
type 2 diabetes in cats
50
what might be an adverse effect of the use of sulphonureas?
hypoglycaemia