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Pharmacology > Endocrine (year 2) > Flashcards

Endocrine (year 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what pharmacological agents are used to treat hyperthyroidism?

A

radioiodine and thioureylenes

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2
Q

what is the mechanism of action of radioiodine?

A

rapid selective uptake by thyroid and damaged cells, then emits short-range beta radiation that only effects thyroid follicle cell

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3
Q

how long after radioiodine will T3 and T4 levels begin to normalise?

A

1-2 weeks

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4
Q

how is radioiodine administered?

A

injection

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5
Q

what special precaution must be taken when giving a dog radioiodine?

A

hospitalised in isolation facilities for at least 2 weeks and excreta handled carefully

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6
Q

what species is radioiodine mainly used in?

A

cats

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7
Q

what is an adverse effect of radioiodine?

A

may cause hypothyroidism

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8
Q

name the thioureylenes

A

carbimazole and thiamazole

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9
Q

what is the mechanism of action of thioureylenes?

A

carbimazole is metabolised to methimazole which inhibits synthesis of thyroid hormones

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10
Q

how are thioureylenes administered?

A

orally once a day

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11
Q

what are the adverse effects of thioureylenes?

A

they are rare but may cause kidney problems in older cats

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12
Q

what drugs are used for hypothyroidism?

A

levothyroxine and liothyronine

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13
Q

what is the mechanism of action of levothyroxine and liothyronine?

A

they are identical to the endogenous version and given as replacement therapy

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14
Q

how are levothyroxine and liothyronine administered?

A

orally

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15
Q

what is the adverse effects of levothyroxine and liothyronine?

A

hyperthyroidism, tachycardia, excitability, nervousness

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16
Q

what agents can be used to treat adrenal disease?

A

glucocorticoid receptor agonist
mineralocorticoid receptor agonist
adrenal steroid synthesis inhibitors
dopamine receptor agonist

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17
Q

what is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoid receptor agonist?

A

enter cells by simple diffuse and synthetic glucocorticoids often aren’t protein bound

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18
Q

how are glucocorticoid receptor agonists administered?

A

topically, orally, systemically

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19
Q

what are the main uses of glucocorticoid receptor agonists?

A

replacement therapy for Addisons disease
anti-inflammatory
immunosuppressant

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20
Q

describe some adverse effects of glucocorticoid receptor agonists

A 
Suppression infection/injury response
Wound healing is impaired 
Cushing’s syndrome
Osteoporosis
Hyperglycaemia
Muscle wasting
Fluids/electrolyte imbalances 
Oedema
Reduced milk yield s
GI ulceration
Abortion in late pregnancy
Laminitis
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21
Q

how are mineralocorticoid receptor agonists administered?

A

inject

22
Q

what are mineralocorticoid receptor agonists used for?

A

replacement therapy for dogs with Addisons disease

23
Q

what are the adverse effects of mineralocorticoid receptor agonist?

A

they are rare but may cause polyuria or hypokalaemia

24
Q

name a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist

A

spironolactone - covered in diuretics

25
Q

what is the mechanism of action of adrenal steroid synthesis inhibitors?

A

inhibits production of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoid and sex hormones by inhibiting 3beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase

26
Q

name an adrenal steroid synthesis inhibitors

A

Trilostane

27
Q

how are adrenal steroid synthesis inhibitors administered?

A

orally

28
Q

what are adrenal steroid synthesis inhibitors used for?

A

treat hyperadrenocorticism by suppressing glucocorticoid production

29
Q

what are dopamine receptor agonists used for?

A

treat equine cushing

30
Q

what is the route of administration of dopamine receptor agonists?

A

oral

31
Q

name a dopamine receptor agonists

A

pergolide

32
Q

what are two pharmacological agents used to effect calcium metabolism?

A

calcium salts and vitamin D preparations

33
Q

what are calcium salts used for?

A

replacement therapy for dietary deficiency, hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia

34
Q

what calcium salt is used to treat hyperphosphataemia and how does it work?

A

calcium carbonate - an antacid that is poorly absorbed and binds to phosphate in the gut

35
Q

give some examples of calcium salts used to effect calcium metabolism

A

calcium gluconate, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium borogluconate

36
Q

how are calcium salts administered?

A

orally or parenterally (calcium gluconate)

37
Q

what are some adverse affects of calcium salts?

A

cause GI upset, cardiac arrythmias

38
Q

how are vitamin D preparations administered?

A

orally

39
Q

what are vitamin D preparations used to treat?

A

hypocalcaemia following thyroidectomy or immune mediated hypoparathyroidism

40
Q

what are the adverse effects of vitamin D preparations?

A

hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia, nephrocalcinosis

41
Q

what two drugs can be used yo treat diabetes mellitus?

A

insulin and oral hypoglycaemics

42
Q

what are feline and canine insulin replacements made from?

A

canine - porcine

feline - bovine

43
Q

what is the mechanism of action of insulin receptor agonists?

A

bind to insulin and have the same response as endogenous insulin

44
Q

how are insulin replacements administered?

A

injected usually subcutaneously

oral preparations will be broken down by GI tract as they are peptides

45
Q

what is insulin replacements used for?

A

treat type 1 diabetes
hyperglycaemic emergencies
emergency hyperkalaemia

46
Q

what are the adverse effects of insulin receptor agonists?

A

hypoglycaemia
insulin resistance - antibodies or stress induced
insulin receptor desensitisation

47
Q

name an oral hypoglycaemic drug

A

sulphonureas - glipizide

48
Q

what is the mechanism of action of sulphonureas?

A

they stimulate insulin secretion from beta cells and increases insulin sensitivity - requires some normal beta cell function

49
Q

what are sulphonureas used to treat?

A

type 2 diabetes in cats

50
Q

what might be an adverse effect of the use of sulphonureas?

A

hypoglycaemia

Pharmacology (25 decks)

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