Autocoids (year 2)

Question 1

what are autocoids?

Answer 1

chemicals that act like local hormones

Question 2

what are the classes of autocoids?

Answer 2

biogenic amines
lipid-derived
polypeptides

Question 3

give some examples of biogenic amines

Answer 3

histamine and serotonin

Question 4

what are the two classes of lipid derived autocoids?

Answer 4

eicosanoids

platelet activating factor

Question 5

give some examples of eicosanoids

Answer 5

prostanoids

leukotrienes

Question 6

give some examples of polypeptide autocoids

Answer 6

bradykinin, angiotensin, cytokines

Question 7

what are histamines formed from?

Answer 7

histidine

Question 8

where are histamines found in greatest concentration?

Answer 8

tissues exposed to the outside world such as skin, GI tract and lungs

Question 9

where are histamines stored?

Answer 9

mast cells, basophils, histaminocytes (stomach)

Question 10

what triggers histamines to be released?

Answer 10

response to food/vagal stimulation

response to inflammatory/allergic reactions

Question 11

what type of receptors does histamine target?

Answer 11

G protein coupled receptors

Question 12

what histamines receptors are drugs available for?

Answer 12

histamine 1 and 2

Question 13

what are the normal functions of histamines?

Answer 13

gastric secretion (gastric acid production)
H1 stimulates smooth muscle contractions in GI and respiratory tract
allergic reaction
anaphylactic shock
inflammation
neurotransmission

Question 14

what is another name for H1 antagonists?

Answer 14

antihistamines

H1 receptor blocker

Question 15

what is a first generation H1 antagonist?

Answer 15

can cross the blood brain barrier as it isn’t ionised at physiological pH

Question 16

what is a second generation H1 antagonist?

Answer 16

ionised at physiological pH so don’t cross the blood brain barrier very easily

Question 17

what are the main effects of H1 antagonists?

Answer 17

inhibit histamine induced vasodilation
inhibit itch
relax contracted bronchioles
relax contracted intestinal smooth muscle
sedation

Question 18

what are H1 antagonists used to treat?

Answer 18

pruritis, allergic reaction, anaphylaxis, motion sickness, sedation

Question 19

what are the adverse effects of H1 antagonists?

Answer 19

CNS depression, antimuscarinic effects (dry mouth), drug tollerance

Question 20

name a H2 antagonist

Answer 20

ranitidine

Question 21

what are H2 antagonists used for?

Answer 21

inhibit H2 receptors in parietal cells

used to treat gastric/abdominal ulcers, gastritis and reflux

Question 22

name a mast cell stabiliser

Answer 22

sodium chromoglycate

Question 23

what is the mechanism of action of mast cell stabilisers?

Answer 23

inhibit histamine release from mast cells by opening chloride channels and hyperpolarising the cell to prevent degranulation

Question 24

how are mast cell stabilisers administered?

Answer 24

nebuliser or as eye drops

Question 25

what are the main uses of mast cell stabilisers?

Answer 25

pulmonary/nasal allergic conditions
allergic conjunctivits
presynaptic regulation of neurotransmitter release

Question 26

what is the adverse effect of mast cell stabilisers?

Answer 26

local irritant

Question 27

how are prostaglandin F2alpha receptor agonists administered?

Answer 27

parenteral

Question 28

what is the main use of prostaglandin F2alpha agonists?

Answer 28

synchronise oestrus and induce abortion/parturition

Question 29

what is the main adverse effect of prostaglandin F2alpha agonists?

Answer 29

increases chances of retained placenta

Question 30

how can prostaglandin receptor agonists administered?

Answer 30

orally

Question 31

what are prostaglandin receptor agonists used for?

Answer 31

inhibit gastric acid secretion