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Pharmacology > PNS/ANS (year 2) > Flashcards

PNS/ANS (year 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junctions?

A

acetylcholine

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2
Q

what do cholinergic drugs do?

A

inhibit, enhance, or mimic the action of acetylcholine

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3
Q

what are the two types of acetylcholine receptors?

A

muscarinic and nicotinic

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4
Q

what do adrenergic drugs do?

A

inhibit, enhance, or mimic the action of (nor)adrenaline

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5
Q

name the catecholamines

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

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6
Q

what are the types of catecholamine postsynaptic receptors?

A

alpha (1/2) and beta (1/2/3)

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7
Q

where are alpha1 receptors mainly found?

A

sympathetic target tissue

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8
Q

where are alpha2 receptors mainly found?

A

GI tract and pancreas

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9
Q

where are beta1 receptors mainly found?

A

heart muscle

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10
Q

where are beta2 receptors mainly found?

A

blood vessels and smooth muscle

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11
Q

what are two groups of drugs that could be used on the somatic nervous system?

A

neuromuscular blocking drugs

anticholinesterases

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12
Q

what drug is used in the management of skeletal muscle spasms?

A

dantrolene

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13
Q

what is the mechanism of action of dantrolene?

A

uncouples excitation/contraction by preventing the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

how is dantrolene administered?

A

orally or injectable

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15
Q

what is the main adverse effect of dantrolene?

A

muscle weakness that may effect the respiratory muscles

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16
Q

what are the two mechanism of action of neuromuscular blocking drugs?

A

depolarising blocking agents

non-depolarising blocking agents

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17
Q

what is the mechanism of action of depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents?

A

these are agonists of acetylcholine but have a longer duration of effect. They cause calcium to be taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum causing relaxation, then when Ach binds there is no calcium for contraction

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18
Q

what is the mechanism of action of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents?

A

competitive agonists

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19
Q

which neuromuscular blocking drugs are reversible?

A

non-depolarising by acetylcholinesterase drugs

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20
Q

when are neuromuscular blocking drugs used?

A

in combination with anaesthetic drugs to provide muscle relaxation during surgery

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21
Q

what are the adverse effects of depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents?

A

bradycardia, muscle pain due to initial muscle fasciculations

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22
Q

what are the adverse effects of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents?

A

hypotension

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23
Q

what is the mechanism of action of anticholinesterases?

A

acetylcholinesterase usually rapidly hydrolyses acetylcholine before much of it reaches a receptor, this prevents the hydrolysis allowing more action potentials

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24
Q

what are two examples of anticholinesterases?

A

edrophonium

organophospahte

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25
Q

what are the main uses of anticholinesterases?

A

antagonisms of non-depolarising neuromuscular blockers

treat myasthenia gravis

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26
Q

what are the adverse effects of anticholinesterases?

A

effect central cholinergic receptors leading to nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, hypersalivation
can lead to muscle cramps, bradycardia, hypotension, miosis, bronchoconstriction

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27
Q

what neurotransmitter do all preganglionic neurones of the ANS release?

A

acetylcholine

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28
Q

what neurotransmitter do all postganglionic neurones of the parasympathetic system release?

A

acetylcholine

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29
Q

what are the classes of drug that effect cholinergic transmission?

A

muscarinic agonist/antagonist
neuromuscular blocking drugs
ganglion stimulating/blocking drugs
anticholinesterase

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30
Q

what is the mechanism of action of muscarinic agonists?

A

stimulate postganglionic muscarinic receptors

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31
Q

what are the main uses of muscarinic agonists?

A

CV - cardiac slowing and decrease CO
smooth muscle - contracts and causes vasodilation in vascular smooth muscle
exocrine - increase sweating/salivation/bronchial secretions
eye - contract ciliary muscles, miosis, glaucoma
treat detrusor muscle atony

32
Q

what are the adverse effects of muscarinic agonists?

A

GI cramping, hypersalivation, bradycardia

33
Q

what is the mechanism of action of muscarinic antagonists?

A

competitively inhibit postganglionic muscainic receptors

34
Q

what are the main effects of muscarinic antagonists?

A

increase HR
decrease salivary, bronchial, gastric secretions
bronchodilation
decrease GI motility

35
Q

what are the main uses of muscarinic antagonists?

A

GI - antispasmodic in horses
CV - correct bradycardia
ophthalmic - dilate pupil
urinary - decrease detrusor muscle activity

36
Q

what are the adverse effects of muscarinic antagonists?

A

tachycardia, dry mouth, constipation, photophobia

37
Q

when may ganglion-stimulating/blocking drugs be used?

A

in anthelmintics causing worm muscle paralysis

not absorbed by host as effects are complex and systemic

38
Q

where is adrenaline released from?

A

adrenal medulla

39
Q

where is noradrenaline released from?

A

postganglionic neurones of the sympathetic system

40
Q

what are the two types of adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha and beta

41
Q

what are the subtypes of alpha and beta receptors?

A

alpha 1, 2

beta 1, 2, 3

42
Q

what are the main effects of alpha1 adrenoreceptors?

A

vasoconstriction
relax GI smooth muscle
salivary secretion
hepatic glycogenolysis

43
Q

what are the main effects of alpha2 adrenoreceptors?

A

inhibit neurotransmitter release

44
Q

what are the main effects of beta1 adrenoreceptors?

A

increase cardiac rate and force

45
Q

what are the main effects of beta2 adrenoreceptors?

A

bronchodilator
vasodilation
inhibit GI smooth muscle
hepatic glycogenolysis

46
Q

what are the main effects of beta3 adrenoreceptors?

A

thermogenesis

47
Q

name the types of drugs that effect adrenergic transmission

A

alpha adrenoreceptor agonist/antagonist
beta adrenoreceptor agonist/antagonist
drugs effecting noradrenaline synthesis, storage, release

48
Q

name the non-specific adrenergic agonist

A

adrenaline

49
Q

when may adrenaline be used clinically?

A

reduce bronchospasm
treat hypersensitivity
reduce cutaneous bloodflow
restore cardiac activity after cardiac arrest

50
Q

give examples of the systems that alpha adrenoreceptor agonists can be used on

A

smooth muscle, GI, metabolism, nerve terminals, urinary, eye, CV, sedative

51
Q

what is the effect of alpha adrenoreceptors agonists on smooth muscle?

A

contraction - except GI

52
Q

what is the effect of alpha adrenoreceptors agonists on the GI system?

A

relax smooth muscle/sphincters

53
Q

what is the effect of alpha adrenoreceptors agonists on metabolism?

A

stimulate glycogenolysis

54
Q

what is the effect of alpha adrenoreceptors agonists on nerve terminals?

A

inhibitory effect on both cholinergic and noradrenergic nerve terminals

55
Q

what is the effect of alpha adrenoreceptors agonists on the urinary system?

A

treat incontinence

56
Q

what is the effect of alpha adrenoreceptors agonists on the eye?

A

mydriatic effect

57
Q

what is the effect of alpha adrenoreceptors agonists on the CV system?

A

treat hypotension secondary to drug or vascular failure

58
Q

how do alpha adrenoreceptors agonists work as sedatives?

A

act peripheral and centrally as alpha2 adrenoreceptors

59
Q

what are the main adverse effects of alpha adrenoreceptor agonists?

A

restlessness and hypertension

60
Q

what are the main uses of alpha adrenoreceptor antagonists?

A

treat urethral spasm
treat severe hypertension
reverse sedation from alpha2 agonists

61
Q

what are the adverse effects of alpha adrenoreceptor antagonists?

A

due to alpha adrenoreceptor blocking - tachycardia, hypotension, nasal congestion

62
Q

what 3 systems to beta adrenoreceptor effect?

A

smooth muscle, CV, metabolism

63
Q

what effects do beta adrenoreceptor agonists have on smooth muscle?

A

relaxation - bronchodilator, vasodilation

64
Q

what effects do beta adrenoreceptor agonists have on the CV system?

A

increase HR and contraction forces

65
Q

what effects do beta adrenoreceptor agonists have on metabolism?

A

glycogenolysis, lipolysis, thermogenesis

66
Q

what are the adverse effects of beta adrenoreceptor agonists?

A

hypotension, tachycardia

67
Q

what effects do non-selective beta blockers have?

A

block bronchodilation
block chronotropic and inotropic effects
manage cardiac arrhythmias

68
Q

what are beta1 blockers used for?

A

treat tachycardia and hyperthyroidism

69
Q

what are the adverse effects of beta blockers?

A

bradycardia, hypotension, hypoglycaemia, bronchospasm

70
Q

name a drug that stimulates endogenous release of noradrenaline

71
Q

what is ephedrine used to treat?

A

hypotension and urinary incontinence

72
Q

name a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase III?

A

pimobendan

73
Q

what is pimobendan used for?

A

positive inotrope and vasodilator

74
Q

name a phosphodiesterase V inhibitor

A

sildenafil

75
Q

what is sildenafil used for?

A

treat pulmonary arterial hypertension

Pharmacology (25 decks)

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