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Pharmacology > Respiratory (year 2) > Flashcards

Respiratory (year 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what can drugs stimulate to effect bronchial diameter?

A

sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
non-adrenergic non-cholinergic neurotransmission
irritant receptors

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2
Q

what effects can the autonomic nervous system have on bronchial diameter?

A

sympathetic - bronchodilation

parasympathetic - bronchoconstriction

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3
Q

what receptors mediate bronchodilation via the sympathetic nervous system?

A

beta2 adrenoreceptors

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4
Q

what receptors mediate bronchoconstriction via the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

muscarinic receptors

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5
Q

the parasympathetic system causes bronchoconstriction and what other effect on the airways?

A

increases mucus production

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6
Q

the sympathetic system causes bronchodilation and what other effects on the airways?

A

increases mucociliary clearance

reduce inflammatory mediator release

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7
Q

Why must treatment be highly selective to the receptor type found in the airways?

A

minimise the side effects

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8
Q

what nervous system do adrenoreceptor agonists effect?

A

sympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

what are the neurotransmitters for adrenoreceptor agonists?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

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10
Q

name the beta2 agonists used to cause bronchodilation

A

terbutaline, salbutamol, albuterol, clenbuterol

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11
Q

what are the main effects of alpha adrenoreceptors on the body?

A

vasoconstriction, intestinal sphincter contraction, pupil dilation

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12
Q

what are the main effects of beta adrenoreceptors on the body?

A

vasodilation, increased HR, bladder relaxation, metabolic stimulation

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13
Q

how is turbutaline administered?

A

parenteral or oral

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14
Q

how is albuterol administered?

A

oral or topical

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15
Q

how is clenbuterol administered?

A

oral

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16
Q

what are the adverse effects of beta2 agonists?

A

BP abnormalities, tachycardia, hypokalaemia, seizures

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17
Q

what drug group is used as a parasympathetic antagonist to cause bronchodilation?

A

anticholinergics

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18
Q

what receptors do anticholinergics effect in the respiratory tract?

A

muscarinic

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19
Q

what effects other than bronchodilation do anticholinergics have on the respiratory tract?

A

reduce bronchial irritant response
pulmonary vasoconstriction
reduce mucus production

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20
Q

what are the side effects of anticholinergics?

A

tachycardia, dry MM, reduced gut motility, hypertension, mydriasis

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21
Q

what is the only anticholinergic used in veterinary respiratory disease?

A

ipratropium

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22
Q

how is ipratropium administered?

A

inhalation

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23
Q

what is the name of the drugs that enhance the action of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

cholinergics

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24
Q

what effect do cholinergics have on the respiratory system?

A

bronchoconstriction

increased mucus secretion

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25
Q

what is a group of drugs that will act directly on smooth muscle of the respiratory system?

A

methylxanthines

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26
Q

what is the mode of action of methylxanthines?

A

phosphodiesterase inhibitors so block cAMP degredation

adenosine antagonists which further increases cAMP

27
Q

what are the effects of methylxanthines?

A 
bronchodilation
inhibit inflammatory mediator release
increase catecholamine release
increase mucociliary clearance
increase CNS sensitivity to carbon dioxide
28
Q

what are the adverse effects of methylxanthines?

A

tachycardia, excitability, seizures, GI motility effected

29
Q

give an example of a methylxanthine used for respiratory disease

A

theophylline

30
Q

how is theophylline administered?

A

oral

31
Q

why are CNS side effects associated with theophylline?

A

the drug can penetrate the blood:brain barrier

32
Q

where is theophylline metabolised and excreted?

A

metabolised in liver and excreted by kidney

33
Q

what is the name for drugs that stop coughing?

A

anti-tussives

34
Q

when would antitussives be used?

A

if the animal is becoming exhausted or the cough is non-productive

35
Q

where do direct antitussives effect?

A

they suppress the cough centre in the medulla oblongata

36
Q

what effects do indirect antitussives have?

A

reduce inflammation
reduce bronchoconstriction
reduce mucus accumulation

37
Q

what drugs are used as direct antitussives?

A

opioids

38
Q

what is the mode of action of opioids when acting as antitussives?

A

agonist of mu receptors in the medulla reducing the response to irritant stimuli

39
Q

how are opioids administered?

A

oral or parenteral

40
Q

what are the side effects of opioids?

A

suppression of CNS function - sedation, CV depression, constipation, respiratory suppression

41
Q

give two examples of opioids used as antitussives

A

codeine and butorphanol

42
Q

where is butorphanol metabolised?

A

liver

43
Q

what are surfactants?

A

lipid molecules extracted from bovine lungs

44
Q

when are surfactants used?

A

usually during neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

45
Q

what is the role of mucolytics?

A

decrease the viscosity of bronchial secretions

46
Q

what are some non-pharmaceutical methods of decrease bronchial secretion viscosity?

A

nebuliser sterile saline

physiotherpay

47
Q

name two mucolytics

A

bromhexine HCl

N-acetylcysteine

48
Q

what is the mode of action of bromhexine HCl?

A

enhances hydrolysis of mucopolysaccharides

49
Q

what is the mode of action of N-acetylcysteine?

A

breaking disulphide bonds between mucus molecules

50
Q

when is bromhexine HCl not effective?

A

in the presence of infection or inflammation as it doesn’t effect proteins from bacteria or neutrophils

51
Q

how is bromhexine HCl administered?

A

oral or parenteral

52
Q

what are the side effects of N-acetylcysteine?

A

bronchoconstriction and airway irritation

53
Q

what do expectorants do?

A

increase fluidity of bronchial secretions to aid clearance (not commonly used in veterinary)

54
Q

how do expectorants worK?

A

irritate gastric mucosa leading to increased vagal tone and hence increased bronchial secretions

55
Q

what is the function of decongestants?

A

reduce the thickness of nasal mucosa to enable easier passage of air

56
Q

what drugs are used as decongestants?

A

sympathomimetics

57
Q

how are sympathomimetics administered?

A

oral or topical

58
Q

what are the effects of sympathomimetics on the respiratory system?

A

vasoconstriction and reduced ECF in nasal mucosa

59
Q

name a sympathomimetic

A

ephedrine

60
Q

what drugs can be used to effect the respiratory centre?

A

sedatives, opioids, anaesthtics, antiepileptics

61
Q

name a respiratory stimulant

A

doxapram

62
Q

what is the mode of action of doxapram?

A

increases chemoreceptor sensitivity to increase RR and tidal volume

63
Q

how is doxapram administered?

A

topical or parenteral

64
Q

what are the side effects of doxapram?

A

cardiac arrhythmias

Pharmacology (25 decks)

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