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Pharmacology > Anaesthetics (year 2) > Flashcards

Anaesthetics (year 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the triad aims of anaesthesia?

A

muscle relaxation
unconsciousness
analgesia

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2
Q

what are the three main injectable agents used in anaesthesia?

A

propofol, alfaxalone, ketamine

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3
Q

what injectable agents can be used in anaesthesia?

A

propofol, alfaxalone, ketamine, thiopental, etomidate

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4
Q

what are the two main anaesthetic agents used as inhalation agents?

A

isoflurane and sevoflurane

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5
Q

what are the positives of injectable agents compared to inhalation agents?

A

injectable requires simple equipment and once administered it has to be metabolised and excreted to get rid of it

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6
Q

what are the positives of inhalation agents compared to injectables?

A

inhalation the depth can easily be adjusted and it is delivered with oxygen

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7
Q

what is the mode of action of propofol?

A

GABA agonist - reduces excitation in the brain

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8
Q

describe the appearance of propofol

A

not water soluble so is an emulsion

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9
Q

how is propofol administered?

A

IV

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10
Q

propofol is lipid soluble what does this mean it can easily cross in the CNS?

A

blood-brain barrier

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11
Q

where is propofol metabolised?

A

mainly the liver but also extrahepatic sites such as GIT

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12
Q

what are the effects of propofol?

A

anaesthesia, sedation, muscle relaxation, anti-seizure

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13
Q

what are the side effects of propofol?

A

vasodilation and blocks baroreceptor reflex so don’t get reflex tachycardia
respiratory depression due to altered carbon dioxide response
can cause oxidative damage to RBCs in cats

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14
Q

what is the mechanism of action of alfaxalone?

A

GABA agonist

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15
Q

what group of drugs is alfaxalone apart of?

A

neurosteroids

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16
Q

is alfaxalone water soluble?

A

no but is made water soluble by addition of cyclodextrin

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17
Q

why is alfaxalone made water soluble?

A

so it can be administered IV, IM or SC

18
Q

where is alfaxalone metabolised?

A

liver - no extrahepatic metabolism

19
Q

what are the effects of alfaxalone?

A

anaesthesia, sedation, muscle relaxation

20
Q

what are the side effects of alfaxalone?

A

vasodilation - baroreceptor reflex is maintained so get reflex tachycardia
respiratory depression
excitability on recovered with animals often being noise sensitive

21
Q

describe the mode of action of ketamine

A

NMDA antagonist

22
Q

what type of anaesthesia do you get with ketamine?

A

dissociative - disconnection of higher brain function from the body

23
Q

is ketamine water soluble?

A

yes

24
Q

how is ketamine administered?

A

IV, IM, SC, orally

25
Q

where is ketamine metabolised?

A

liver - except in cats it is excreted unchanged

26
Q

what are the effects of ketamine?

A

anaesthesia and analgesia

27
Q

what are the side effects of ketamine?

A

myocardial depression, increased HR, vasoconstriction, respiratory depression, muscle hypertonicity, cranial nerve reflexes maintained

28
Q

what does it mean if the cranial nerve reflexes are maintained when using ketamine?

A

animal will continue to swallow and blink

29
Q

what is the mechanism of action of thiopental?

A

GABA agonist

30
Q

how is thiopental administered?

A

IV - it is an irritant if administered extravascularly

31
Q

where is thiopental metabolised?

A

slowly in the liver

32
Q

what are the effects of thiopental?

A

anaesthesia, muscle relaxation, anti-seizure

33
Q

what are the side effects of thiopental?

A

myocardial depression, arrhythmogenic, respiratory depression

34
Q

what is MAC when relating to inhalation anaesthesia?

A

minimum alveolar concentration of an agent at which 50% of patients won’t respond to noxious stimuli

35
Q

what is MAC measured as?

A

% of atmospheric pressure

36
Q

what time MAC is usually needed for surgery?

A

1.2-1.5 x MAC

37
Q

what effects MAC?

A

age, species, agents acting on CNS, pregnancy, low BP, body temperature

38
Q

what are the side effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane?

A

respiratory depression and potent vasodilation

39
Q

isoflurane is more pungent than sevoflurane what does this mean for the animals breathing?

A

tend to not breath as well on isoflurane

40
Q

is isoflurane or sevoflurane cheaper?

A

isoflurane

Pharmacology (25 decks)

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