Anaesthetics (year 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the triad aims of anaesthesia?

A

muscle relaxation
unconsciousness
analgesia

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2
Q

what are the three main injectable agents used in anaesthesia?

A

propofol, alfaxalone, ketamine

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3
Q

what injectable agents can be used in anaesthesia?

A

propofol, alfaxalone, ketamine, thiopental, etomidate

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4
Q

what are the two main anaesthetic agents used as inhalation agents?

A

isoflurane and sevoflurane

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5
Q

what are the positives of injectable agents compared to inhalation agents?

A

injectable requires simple equipment and once administered it has to be metabolised and excreted to get rid of it

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6
Q

what are the positives of inhalation agents compared to injectables?

A

inhalation the depth can easily be adjusted and it is delivered with oxygen

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7
Q

what is the mode of action of propofol?

A

GABA agonist - reduces excitation in the brain

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8
Q

describe the appearance of propofol

A

not water soluble so is an emulsion

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9
Q

how is propofol administered?

A

IV

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10
Q

propofol is lipid soluble what does this mean it can easily cross in the CNS?

A

blood-brain barrier

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11
Q

where is propofol metabolised?

A

mainly the liver but also extrahepatic sites such as GIT

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12
Q

what are the effects of propofol?

A

anaesthesia, sedation, muscle relaxation, anti-seizure

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13
Q

what are the side effects of propofol?

A

vasodilation and blocks baroreceptor reflex so don’t get reflex tachycardia
respiratory depression due to altered carbon dioxide response
can cause oxidative damage to RBCs in cats

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14
Q

what is the mechanism of action of alfaxalone?

A

GABA agonist

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15
Q

what group of drugs is alfaxalone apart of?

A

neurosteroids

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16
Q

is alfaxalone water soluble?

A

no but is made water soluble by addition of cyclodextrin

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17
Q

why is alfaxalone made water soluble?

A

so it can be administered IV, IM or SC

18
Q

where is alfaxalone metabolised?

A

liver - no extrahepatic metabolism

19
Q

what are the effects of alfaxalone?

A

anaesthesia, sedation, muscle relaxation

20
Q

what are the side effects of alfaxalone?

A

vasodilation - baroreceptor reflex is maintained so get reflex tachycardia
respiratory depression
excitability on recovered with animals often being noise sensitive

21
Q

describe the mode of action of ketamine

A

NMDA antagonist

22
Q

what type of anaesthesia do you get with ketamine?

A

dissociative - disconnection of higher brain function from the body

23
Q

is ketamine water soluble?

24
Q

how is ketamine administered?

A

IV, IM, SC, orally

25
where is ketamine metabolised?
liver - except in cats it is excreted unchanged
26
what are the effects of ketamine?
anaesthesia and analgesia
27
what are the side effects of ketamine?
myocardial depression, increased HR, vasoconstriction, respiratory depression, muscle hypertonicity, cranial nerve reflexes maintained
28
what does it mean if the cranial nerve reflexes are maintained when using ketamine?
animal will continue to swallow and blink
29
what is the mechanism of action of thiopental?
GABA agonist
30
how is thiopental administered?
IV - it is an irritant if administered extravascularly
31
where is thiopental metabolised?
slowly in the liver
32
what are the effects of thiopental?
anaesthesia, muscle relaxation, anti-seizure
33
what are the side effects of thiopental?
myocardial depression, arrhythmogenic, respiratory depression
34
what is MAC when relating to inhalation anaesthesia?
minimum alveolar concentration of an agent at which 50% of patients won't respond to noxious stimuli
35
what is MAC measured as?
% of atmospheric pressure
36
what time MAC is usually needed for surgery?
1.2-1.5 x MAC
37
what effects MAC?
age, species, agents acting on CNS, pregnancy, low BP, body temperature
38
what are the side effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane?
respiratory depression and potent vasodilation
39
isoflurane is more pungent than sevoflurane what does this mean for the animals breathing?
tend to not breath as well on isoflurane
40
is isoflurane or sevoflurane cheaper?
isoflurane