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Pharmacology > Reproduction (year 2) > Flashcards

Reproduction (year 2) Flashcards

1
Q

how is GnRH released from the hypothalamus?

A

in pulses

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2
Q

where are the specific receptors that GnRH binds to?

A

anterior pituitary

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3
Q

what affect will giving a pulsatile dose of a GnRH agonist have?

A

stimulate FSH and LH release

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4
Q

if GnRH agonists are released continuously what effect will they have?

A

receptor downregulation and inhibits FSH and LH release

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5
Q

how are GnRH agonists administered?

A

injection or implants

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6
Q

what are the main uses of GnRH agonists?

A

stimulate ovulation to improve conception rates and improve synchronisation
suppress reproductive function, induce infertility in males dogs and ferrets

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7
Q

what is the name of the drug used to induce infertility in male dogs?

A

deslorelin implant

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8
Q

name some warnings of GnRH agonists

A

pregnant women shouldn’t administer it as it can be absorbed through skin

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9
Q

describe the mechanism of action of GnRH vaccines

A

two doses of the vaccine given two weeks apart that induce antibodies against GnRH

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10
Q

how are GnRH vaccines administered?

A

injection

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11
Q

what are GnRH vaccines used for?

A

chemically castrate pigs

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12
Q

what are the warnings for GnRH vaccines?

A

do not administer if pregnant, can disrupt reproductive function

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13
Q

where are gonadotropins released?

A

anterior pituitary

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14
Q

name the 4 gonadotropins used in order of increasing half life

A

LH, FSH, hCG, eCG

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15
Q

what is the mechanism of action of gonadotropins?

A

stimulate the release of sex steroid hormones from the testis and ovaries via LH/FSH receptor agonists

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16
Q

what is the route of administration of gonadotropins?

A

injection

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17
Q

what are gonadotropins used for?

A

FSH - promote follicle recruitment in super ovulation programmes
hCG - promote follicule maturation, ovulation and CL formation and stimulate testosterone production (rig test)

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18
Q

name the gonadal steroid receptor agonists and antagonists

A

oestrogens, progestogens, androgens, anti-androgens

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19
Q

name the only licensed oestrogen receptor agonist

A

estriol

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20
Q

how are oestrogens administered

A

orally

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21
Q

name the uses of estriol

A

treat urethral sphincter incompetence, the reproductive effects are unwanted

22
Q

how are progesterone receptor agonists administered?

A

injection, implant, orally

23
Q

what are the effects and uses of progestogens?

A

inhibit GnRH release, prolongs the luteal phase of the oestrus cycle and inhibits reproductive behaviour. They are used in oestrus synchronisation, suppression of oestrus and to chemically castrate dogs

24
Q

what are some adverse effects of progestogens?

A

endometritis, pyometra, increased thirst/appetite, acromegaly, diabetes

25
Q

what is the only licensed progesterone receptor antagonist?

A

aglepristone in dogs

26
Q

what type of antagonist is aglepristone?

A

competitive

27
Q

how are progesterone receptor antagonists administered?

A

injection

28
Q

what are progesterone receptor antagonists used for?

A

misalliance and abortion induction

29
Q

what are the effects of endogenous androgen receptor agonists?

A

masculinisation, increase libido, increased spermatogenesis, increased protein synthesis

30
Q

what is the route of administration of androgens?

A

injection

31
Q

give an example of an androgen receptor agonist

A

nandralone

32
Q

what are androgens used for?

A

for anabolic effects where excessive tissue breakdown has occurred or where excessive tissue repair is needed

33
Q

what are the side effects of androgens?

A

premature closure of growth plates, masculinisation, infertility, inhibit normal GnRH release

34
Q

give some examples of androgen receptor antagonists

A

osaterone and delmadinone acetate

35
Q

what are androgen receptor antagonists used for?

A

treating prostatic hyperplasia and male hyper sexual behaviour

36
Q

how are androgen receptor antagonists administered?

A

orally

37
Q

what are some side effects of androgen receptor antagonists?

A

feminisation, PUPD, increased appetite, glucocorticoid effects

38
Q

what are prolactin antagonists used for?

A

inhibit lactation and treat false pregnancy in bitches

39
Q

what is the route of administration for prolactin antagonists?

A

orally

40
Q

what are the side effects of prolactin antagonists?

A

induce luteolysis (abortion)

41
Q

how are oxytocin receptor agonists administered?

A

parenterally (peptides broken down by GI)

42
Q

what are the main uses of oxytocin receptor agonists?

A

stimulate uterine contraction, promote uterine involution, promote milk let down, aid passage of retained placenta

43
Q

what tissue is effective at removing prostaglandin receptor agonists from the body?

A

lungs

44
Q

how are prostaglandin receptor agonists administered?

A

parenterally

45
Q

what are prostaglandin receptor agonists used for?

A

synchronise oestrus and induce abortion/parturition

46
Q

what is melatonin used for?

A

slow release implants in sheep, increases GnRH pulsatility and return to seasonal oestrus to advance the breeding season

47
Q

how are beta 2 adrenergic agonists administered?

A

parentally

48
Q

what are beta 2 adrenergic receptors used for?

A

relax uterus in cattle to delay delivery, aid manoeuvres, caesarean, replace prolapses, during embryo transfer

49
Q

what are the adverse effects of beta 2 adrenergic agonists?

A

tachycardia and tremors

50
Q

what are glucocorticoids used for and how are they administered?

A

mimic foetal cortisol surge to induce parturition/abortion. By injection

51
Q

list some side effects of glucocorticoids

A

decrease milk yield, suppress of injury/infection response, Cushings, osteoporosis, diabetes, muscle wasting, oedema, GI ulceration, laminitis, abortion, hyperglycaemia

Pharmacology (25 decks)

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