Antibiotics (year 2)

Question 1

what is the general mechanism of action of antimicrobial?

Answer 1

prevent growth/survival of invading organisms

Question 2

which antimicrobials disrupt cell wall production/function? (3)

Answer 2

beta-lactams
penicillins
cephalosporins

Question 3

which antimicrobials are DNA function inhibitors?

Answer 3

potentiated sulphonamides
fluoroquinalones
aminocoumarines

Question 4

which antimicrobials inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 4

aminoglycosides
tetracyclines
macrolides
florphenicol

Question 5

which antimicrobial disrupts the cell membrane function?

Answer 5

ionophores

Question 6

what are bacteriostatic antibiotics?

Answer 6

antibiotics that prevent replication of bacteria

Question 7

what are bacteriocidal antibiotics?

Answer 7

antibiotics that kill bacteria

Question 8

what do bacteriostatic drugs require to work?

Answer 8

good immune response from host

Question 9

why should bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal drugs not be used together?

Answer 9

bacteriocidal drugs often require active growing cells

Question 10

what are some groups of narrow spectrum antibiotics? (3)

Answer 10

penicillins
aminoglycosides
macrolides

Question 11

what are some examples of broad spectrum antibiotics? (5)

Answer 11

synthetic penicillins
potentiated sulphonamides
cephalosporins
tetracyclines
fluoroquinolones

Question 12

what is empiric therapy?

Answer 12

infected organism not identified (broad spectrum antibiotic)

Question 13

what is definitive therapy?

Answer 13

organism identified and specific therapy chosen

Question 14

what does how long we treat an animal with antibiotics depend on?

Answer 14

mode of action of drug

Question 15

what is post-antibiotic effect?

Answer 15

ability of drug to suppress/kill bacteria after the drug concentration drops below the minimum inhibitory concentration

Question 16

what are some examples of concentration dependant antibiotics? (3)

Answer 16

aminoglycosides
fluoroquinolones
metronidazole

Question 17

what is meant by the term concentration dependant antibiotics?

Answer 17

rate and extent of bacterial killing increases as drug concentration increases

Question 18

what is meant by time dependant antibiotics?

Answer 18

overall effect correlates strongly with the time above the minimum inhibitory concentration

Question 19

what is MIC?

Answer 19

minimum inhibitory

Question 20

what are some examples of time dependant antibiotics? (3)

Answer 20

penicillins
cephalosporins
macrolides

Question 21

what effects the systemic availability of drugs? (4)

Answer 21

dose/form
route of administration
dosing rate
access to site of infection

Question 22

what is the volume of distribution?

Answer 22

reflection of the amount of drug left in the bloodstream after the drug has been absorbed

Question 23

if little drug is left in the bloodstream, how would the volume of distribution be described?

Answer 23

large volume of distribution

Question 24

what pH do acidic drugs diffuse better into?

Answer 24

alkaline

Question 25

at what pH do drugs getting into the tissue better than serum?

Answer 25

alkaline

Question 26

what are examples of beta lactams? (2)

Answer 26

penicillins | cephalosporins

Question 27

how do penicillins work?

Answer 27

block cell wall crosslinks, making the walls weaker

Question 28

what are the classes of penicillins? (5)

Answer 28

``` natural beta lactamase resistant aminopenicillins extended agents augmented agents ```

Question 29

where are penicillins cleared by?

Answer 29

kidneys

Question 30

what are some side effects of penicillins?

Answer 30

``` immune mediated reactions muscle tremors ataxia hyperexcitability inhibit protein binding of other acidic drugs ```