Antibiotics (year 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the general mechanism of action of antimicrobial?

A

prevent growth/survival of invading organisms

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2
Q

which antimicrobials disrupt cell wall production/function? (3)

A

beta-lactams
penicillins
cephalosporins

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3
Q

which antimicrobials are DNA function inhibitors?

A

potentiated sulphonamides
fluoroquinalones
aminocoumarines

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4
Q

which antimicrobials inhibit protein synthesis?

A

aminoglycosides
tetracyclines
macrolides
florphenicol

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5
Q

which antimicrobial disrupts the cell membrane function?

A

ionophores

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6
Q

what are bacteriostatic antibiotics?

A

antibiotics that prevent replication of bacteria

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7
Q

what are bacteriocidal antibiotics?

A

antibiotics that kill bacteria

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8
Q

what do bacteriostatic drugs require to work?

A

good immune response from host

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9
Q

why should bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal drugs not be used together?

A

bacteriocidal drugs often require active growing cells

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10
Q

what are some groups of narrow spectrum antibiotics? (3)

A

penicillins
aminoglycosides
macrolides

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11
Q

what are some examples of broad spectrum antibiotics? (5)

A
synthetic penicillins
potentiated sulphonamides
cephalosporins
tetracyclines
fluoroquinolones
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12
Q

what is empiric therapy?

A

infected organism not identified (broad spectrum antibiotic)

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13
Q

what is definitive therapy?

A

organism identified and specific therapy chosen

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14
Q

what does how long we treat an animal with antibiotics depend on?

A

mode of action of drug

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15
Q

what is post-antibiotic effect?

A

ability of drug to suppress/kill bacteria after the drug concentration drops below the minimum inhibitory concentration

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16
Q

what are some examples of concentration dependant antibiotics? (3)

A

aminoglycosides
fluoroquinolones
metronidazole

17
Q

what is meant by the term concentration dependant antibiotics?

A

rate and extent of bacterial killing increases as drug concentration increases

18
Q

what is meant by time dependant antibiotics?

A

overall effect correlates strongly with the time above the minimum inhibitory concentration

19
Q

what is MIC?

A

minimum inhibitory

20
Q

what are some examples of time dependant antibiotics? (3)

A

penicillins
cephalosporins
macrolides

21
Q

what effects the systemic availability of drugs? (4)

A

dose/form
route of administration
dosing rate
access to site of infection

22
Q

what is the volume of distribution?

A

reflection of the amount of drug left in the bloodstream after the drug has been absorbed

23
Q

if little drug is left in the bloodstream, how would the volume of distribution be described?

A

large volume of distribution

24
Q

what pH do acidic drugs diffuse better into?

25
at what pH do drugs getting into the tissue better than serum?
alkaline
26
what are examples of beta lactams? (2)
penicillins | cephalosporins
27
how do penicillins work?
block cell wall crosslinks, making the walls weaker
28
what are the classes of penicillins? (5)
``` natural beta lactamase resistant aminopenicillins extended agents augmented agents ```
29
where are penicillins cleared by?
kidneys
30
what are some side effects of penicillins?
``` immune mediated reactions muscle tremors ataxia hyperexcitability inhibit protein binding of other acidic drugs ```