Behavioural (year 2) Flashcards

1
Q

define true abnormal behaviour

A

behaviour that is abnormal for that species or situation

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2
Q

what is behaviour driven by?

A

emotional motivations from prior experiences

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3
Q

what is the aim of behavioural pharmacology?

A

restore the animal to good emotional health

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4
Q

what are the four neurotransmitters that may be involved?

A

serotonin
dopamine
GABA
noradrenaline

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5
Q

what is the role of serotonin?

A

regulate mood, appetite and arousal

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6
Q

what is the role of dopamine?

A

pleasure, memory, emotional regulation

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7
Q

what is the role of GABA?

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

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8
Q

what is the role of noradrenaline?

A

important for learning and facilitation of other neurotransmitters

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9
Q

what are the 5 main group of veterinary psychoactive drugs?

A
tricyclic antidepressants
specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
benzodiazepines
beta blockers
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10
Q

what sort of disorder are tricyclic antidepressants used for?

A

anxiety

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11
Q

what are 5-HT receptors for?

A

serotonin

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12
Q

what is the mode of action of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

block serotonin and noradrenaline transporters to inhibit the reuptake of them and increase their concentrations in the synapse

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13
Q

what will prolonged use of tricyclic antidepressants cause?

A

down regulation of post-synaptic serotonin and noradrenaline receptors

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14
Q

give some examples of tricyclic antidepressants

A

amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin

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15
Q

what are the adverse effects of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

sodium and calcium channel blockers so have cardiac effects

also act as anti-histamines and anticholinergics

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16
Q

what disorder can clomipramine be used to treat?

A

separation anxiety

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17
Q

describe the pharmacokinetics of clomipramine

A

extensive first pass metabolism
highly plasma protein bound
excreted in the bile

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18
Q

describe the mode of action of specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A

inhibits the reuptake of serotonin meaning it remains in the synapse for longer

19
Q

how do the side effects of specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors compare with tricyclic antidepressants?

A

much less binding to other receptors when using specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors so the side effects are less

20
Q

what is the main drug in the specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors group?

A

fluoxetine

21
Q

describe the pharmokinetics of fluoxetine

A

first pass metabolism after oral administration
highly plasma protein bound
mainly excreted in urine
long elimination half life - 6-8 weeks to reach maximum effect

22
Q

what is monoamine oxidase and where is it found?

A

enzyme found in many tissues including the CNS

two forms - MAO-A and MAO-B

23
Q

what is MAO used to breakdown?

A

serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine

24
Q

which type of MAO is the main enzyme involved in the breakdown of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine?

25
give an example of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and which type of MAO it inhibits
selegiline | inhibits MAO-B
26
what is the main use of selegiline?
treat canine cognitive dysfunction | also useful to treat fear associated with low self-confidence
27
how does selegiline treat canine cognitive dysfunction?
increase free radical scavenging and enhances nerve growth factor synthesis
28
selegiline also has an effect of catecholamines, what are these effects?
increased release from neurone, inhibits activity of presynaptic receptor, inhibits reuptake
29
where is selegiline metabolised?
liver
30
what is the mode of action of benzodiazepines?
facilitate GABA having effects on the hypothalamus and limbic system
31
what three effects do benzodiazepines have?
anxiolytic, sedative, amnesic
32
benzodiazepines are better for short term use, why is this?
negative effects on learning due to amnesic | addiction and tolerance can occur
33
why should benzodiazepines be phased out and not suddenly stopped?
can cause rebound whereby the previous behaviour returns suddenly and potentially more severe
34
what species should benzodiazepines be avoided in and why?
cats as it can cause fatal hepatic necrosis
35
give an example of a benzodiazepine used in canines
alprazolam
36
what are beta blockers used for?
reduce physiological signs of panic and stress in anxiety/anticipation situations
37
give an example of a beta blocker used in behavioural pharmacology
propanolol
38
name two anti-epileptic drugs that can be used in behavioural pharmacology
topiramate and imepitoin
39
what is the mode of action of topiramate and what is it used for?
potentiation of GABA useful in managing compulsive behaviours
40
what is the mode of action of imepitoin and what is it used for?
partial GABA agonist used in rapid reduction of fear and anxiety
41
what is a group of sedatives that may be useful in controlling fear? give an example
alpha2 agonist such as dexmedetomidine
42
what is the mode of action of gabapentin?
blocks release of glutamate by binding presynaptic calcium channels, reduced glutamate in the amygdala is thought to have anxiolytic effects
43
what is serotonin syndrome?
many of the behaviour drugs increase serotonin however serotonin toxicity can be fatal side effects include agitation, tachycardia and hyperthermia