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Pharmacology > Behavioural (year 2) > Flashcards

Behavioural (year 2) Flashcards

1
Q

define true abnormal behaviour

A

behaviour that is abnormal for that species or situation

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2
Q

what is behaviour driven by?

A

emotional motivations from prior experiences

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3
Q

what is the aim of behavioural pharmacology?

A

restore the animal to good emotional health

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4
Q

what are the four neurotransmitters that may be involved?

A

serotonin
dopamine
GABA
noradrenaline

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5
Q

what is the role of serotonin?

A

regulate mood, appetite and arousal

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6
Q

what is the role of dopamine?

A

pleasure, memory, emotional regulation

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7
Q

what is the role of GABA?

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

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8
Q

what is the role of noradrenaline?

A

important for learning and facilitation of other neurotransmitters

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9
Q

what are the 5 main group of veterinary psychoactive drugs?

A 
tricyclic antidepressants
specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
benzodiazepines
beta blockers
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10
Q

what sort of disorder are tricyclic antidepressants used for?

A

anxiety

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11
Q

what are 5-HT receptors for?

A

serotonin

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12
Q

what is the mode of action of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

block serotonin and noradrenaline transporters to inhibit the reuptake of them and increase their concentrations in the synapse

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13
Q

what will prolonged use of tricyclic antidepressants cause?

A

down regulation of post-synaptic serotonin and noradrenaline receptors

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14
Q

give some examples of tricyclic antidepressants

A

amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin

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15
Q

what are the adverse effects of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

sodium and calcium channel blockers so have cardiac effects

also act as anti-histamines and anticholinergics

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16
Q

what disorder can clomipramine be used to treat?

A

separation anxiety

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17
Q

describe the pharmacokinetics of clomipramine

A

extensive first pass metabolism
highly plasma protein bound
excreted in the bile

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18
Q

describe the mode of action of specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A

inhibits the reuptake of serotonin meaning it remains in the synapse for longer

19
Q

how do the side effects of specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors compare with tricyclic antidepressants?

A

much less binding to other receptors when using specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors so the side effects are less

20
Q

what is the main drug in the specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors group?

A

fluoxetine

21
Q

describe the pharmokinetics of fluoxetine

A

first pass metabolism after oral administration
highly plasma protein bound
mainly excreted in urine
long elimination half life - 6-8 weeks to reach maximum effect

22
Q

what is monoamine oxidase and where is it found?

A

enzyme found in many tissues including the CNS

two forms - MAO-A and MAO-B

23
Q

what is MAO used to breakdown?

A

serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine

24
Q

which type of MAO is the main enzyme involved in the breakdown of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine?

A

MAO-B

25
Q

give an example of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and which type of MAO it inhibits

A

selegiline

inhibits MAO-B

26
Q

what is the main use of selegiline?

A

treat canine cognitive dysfunction

also useful to treat fear associated with low self-confidence

27
Q

how does selegiline treat canine cognitive dysfunction?

A

increase free radical scavenging and enhances nerve growth factor synthesis

28
Q

selegiline also has an effect of catecholamines, what are these effects?

A

increased release from neurone, inhibits activity of presynaptic receptor, inhibits reuptake

29
Q

where is selegiline metabolised?

A

liver

30
Q

what is the mode of action of benzodiazepines?

A

facilitate GABA having effects on the hypothalamus and limbic system

31
Q

what three effects do benzodiazepines have?

A

anxiolytic, sedative, amnesic

32
Q

benzodiazepines are better for short term use, why is this?

A

negative effects on learning due to amnesic

addiction and tolerance can occur

33
Q

why should benzodiazepines be phased out and not suddenly stopped?

A

can cause rebound whereby the previous behaviour returns suddenly and potentially more severe

34
Q

what species should benzodiazepines be avoided in and why?

A

cats as it can cause fatal hepatic necrosis

35
Q

give an example of a benzodiazepine used in canines

A

alprazolam

36
Q

what are beta blockers used for?

A

reduce physiological signs of panic and stress in anxiety/anticipation situations

37
Q

give an example of a beta blocker used in behavioural pharmacology

A

propanolol

38
Q

name two anti-epileptic drugs that can be used in behavioural pharmacology

A

topiramate and imepitoin

39
Q

what is the mode of action of topiramate and what is it used for?

A

potentiation of GABA useful in managing compulsive behaviours

40
Q

what is the mode of action of imepitoin and what is it used for?

A

partial GABA agonist used in rapid reduction of fear and anxiety

41
Q

what is a group of sedatives that may be useful in controlling fear? give an example

A

alpha2 agonist such as dexmedetomidine

42
Q

what is the mode of action of gabapentin?

A

blocks release of glutamate by binding presynaptic calcium channels, reduced glutamate in the amygdala is thought to have anxiolytic effects

43
Q

what is serotonin syndrome?

A

many of the behaviour drugs increase serotonin however serotonin toxicity can be fatal
side effects include agitation, tachycardia and hyperthermia

Pharmacology (25 decks)

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