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BIOL1103 > SKELETAL SYSTEM (SIMPLIFIED) > Flashcards

SKELETAL SYSTEM (SIMPLIFIED) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skeletal system

A
  • Support
  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Mineral storage
  • Energy storage
  • Hematopoiesis
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2
Q

Support

A

Bones and cartilage support rest of body

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3
Q

Movement

A

Bones facilitate movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and act as levers

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4
Q

Protection

A

Bones protect internal organs from injury by covering them (eg. Ribs protect lungs and heart, vertebrae protect spinal cord, skull protect brain)

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5
Q

Mineral storage

A

Bone acts as a reservoir for some minerals important for body function such as calcium and phosphorus that can be released back to bloodstream to maintain level needed for physiological processes

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6
Q

Energy storage

A

Bone marrow in softer connective tissues that fills interior of bone contains yellow bone marrow which has adipose tissue and the triglycerides here serve as energy storage

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7
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

RBC, WBC, platelet production occurs in red marrow

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8
Q

Bone classification

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
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9
Q

Long (3)

A
  • Cylinder shape
  • Functions as leverage
  • Tibia, fibula, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges, ulna, humerus, radius)
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10
Q

Short (3)

A
  • Cube like shape equal in width, length thickness
  • Functions in providing stability, support and allow motion
  • Carpals, tarsals
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11
Q

Flat (3)

A
  • Thin and curved
  • Functions as points of attachments for muscles and protects internal organs
  • Sternum, rib, scapulae, cranial bone
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12
Q

Irregular (3)

A
  • Complex shapes
  • Functions in protecting internal organs
  • Vertebrae, facial bones
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13
Q

Sesamoid (3)

A
  • Small and rounded, embedded with tendons
  • Functions in protecting tendons from compressive forces
  • Patallae
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14
Q

Diaphysis

A

Tubular shaft running between proximal and distal end of bone containing hollow regions called medullary cavity filled with yellow marrow

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15
Q

Epiphysis

A

Wider section at each end of bone filled with spongy bone with spaces filled with red marrow

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16
Q

Metaphysis

A

Where epiphysis and diaphysis meet that contains epiphyseal plate (layer of hyaline cartilage in growing bone)

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17
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Indicator of boundary between epiphysis and diaphysis and becomes epiphyseal plate when bone is matured, and the cartilage layer is replaced by osseous tissue

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18
Q

Endosteum

A

Delicate membranous lining in medullary cavity where bone growth, repair, and remodelling occur

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19
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone (except where epiphyses meet) containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone

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20
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Thin layer of cartilage that covers epiphyses to reduce friction and absorb shock

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21
Q

4 types bone cells

A
  • Osteocyte
  • Osteoblast
  • Osteogenic cell
  • Osteoclast
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22
Q

Osteocyte

A

A mature and the most common bone cell that results from when a trapped osteoblast changes in structure and becomes osteocyte; MAINTAINS BONE MATRIX AND LIVES IN LACUNAE

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23
Q

Osteoblast

A

Responsible for forming new bones found in growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum; Secretes organic compounds of matrix

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24
Q

Osteogenic cell

A

Undifferentiated cells that develop into osteoblasts

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25
Q

Osteoclast

A

Found on bone surface for bone resorption, multinucleated, and originate from 2 types of WBC and not osteogenic cell; SECRETE ACID AND ENZYMES TO DISSOLVE BONE MATRIX

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26
Q

Osteon

A

Structural unit of compact bone composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae

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27
Q

Central canal

A

Center of osteon containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that branch off

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28
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small lines (ducts) in osteon that connect with caniculli of other lacunae and eventually with central canal. Allows nutrients to be transported to osteocytes and wastes removed

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29
Q

Nutrient arteries

A

Pass through nutrient foramen (small opening in diaphysis) that nourish the spongy bone and medullary cavity

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30
Q

How are osteocytes in spongy bone nourished

A

Blood vessels of the periosteum that penetrate spongy bone and blood that circulate in marrow cavities

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31
Q

Embryonic skeleton

A

Consists of only fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage. By week 6 or 7 of development, ossification (formation of bones begins)

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32
Q

Intramembranous ossification vs endochondral ossification

A
  • Intramembranous: Bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue; occurs in flat bones of face, cranial bones, clavicles
  • Endochondral: Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage; occurs on base of skull long bones
  • Endochondral takes longer than intramembranous
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33
Q

7 Steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  • Mesenchymal cells differentiate into specialized cells (osteogenic cells and capillary forming cells)
  • Osteoblasts form clusters called ossification centers
  • Osteoblasts secrete osteoid which calcifies and traps osteoblasts and transforming them into osteocytes
  • Surrounding osteogenic cells differentiate into new osteoblasts
  • Osteoid secretion around capillaries forms trabecular matrix, and osteoblasts on surface become periosteum
  • Periosteum forms protective layer of compact bone
  • Trabecular bone crowds nearby blood vessels which condense into red marrow
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34
Q

9 steps of endochondral ossification:

A
  • Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form cartilaginous skeletal precursor
  • Perichondrium appears and chondrocytes in center grow in size
  • Matrix calcifies, leading to chondrocyte death and disintegration of surrounding cartilage
  • Blood vessels invade spaces, enlarging them and carrying osteogenic cells
  • Space combines to form medullary cavity and capillaries penetrate cartilage
  • Perichondrium transforms into periosteum and periosteal collar of compact bone forms around cartilage
  • Primary ossification center forms deep in periosteal collar
  • Similar events occur in secondary ossification centers in epiphyseal regions
  • Cartilage remains at joint surfaces as articular cartilage and between diaphysis and epiphysis as growth plate responsible for bone lengthening
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35
Q

Growth plate zones (4):

A
  • Reserve zone
  • Proliferative zone
  • Maturation and hypertrophy zone
  • Calcified zone
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36
Q

Reserve zone (2)

A
  • Closest to epiphysis consisting of resting chondrocytes that anchor the growth plate to bone
  • Chondrocytes dont participate in bone growth but only secure growth plate to osseous tissue
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37
Q

Proliferative zone

A

Chondrocytes undergo rapid cell division leading to formation of new chondrocytes

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38
Q

Zone of maturation and hypertrophy

A

Chondrocytes are older and larger and contribute to the lengthening of bones

39
Q

Calcified zone (2)

A
  • Serves as bridge for invasion of blood vessels and transformation of cartilage into bone
  • Cartilage matrix becomes calcified and chondrocytes die
40
Q

Longitudinal bone growth cause

A

Result of cell division in the proliferative zone and the maturation of cells in zone of maturation and hypertrophy

41
Q

Appositional growth

A

Refers to the fact that bones continue to grow in diameter even if lengthening stops

42
Q

Bone modelling

A

Process of shaping and forming bone during growth and development

43
Q

Bone remodelling

A

Refers to the lifelong process of continuous renewal and maintenance of old or damaged bones

44
Q

Open (compound) fracture

A

At least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin; carries high risk of infection

45
Q

Closed (simple) fracture

A

Fracture where skin remains intact

46
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken

47
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Bone broken in two or more places causing many small pieces

48
Q

2 divisions of skeleton

A
  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton
49
Q

Axial skeleton (3)

A
  • Vertical, central axis of body
  • All bones of head, neck, chest, and back
  • Serves as attachment site for muscles that move head, neck and back
50
Q

2 divisions of the skull

A
  • Facial bones
  • Brain case
51
Q

What is the only moveable bone in the skull

A

The 22nd bone (lower jaw/mandible)

52
Q

Fontanelle

A

Areas of dense connective tissue that separate the bones of the brain case as they grow; important for infants as they allow for changes in shape as they squeeze through birth canal

53
Q

Ossicles

A

3 inner ear bones associated with the head; malleus, incus, stapes that function to transmit sound waves from eardrum to inner ear

54
Q

Hyoid bone

A

U shaped structure that serves as base for tongue located midline of neck (independent bone)

55
Q

Appendicular skeleton (4)

A
  • Everything else that is not part of axial skeleton; bones that append to axial skeleton
  • Limbs attach to skeleton at girdles
  • Upper limbs attach to pectoral (shoulder) girdle
  • Lower limbs attach to pelvic girdle
56
Q

4 curvatures of vertebral column

A

Adult vertebral column has 4 curvatures for flexibility and to absorb shock; cervical, thoracic, lumbar, pelvic

57
Q

Vertebral column in fetal development

A

One curvature in vertebral column as they are flexed anteriorly into fetal position

58
Q

Body

A

Anterior portion of vertebra that supports body weight

59
Q

Vertebral arch

A

Posterior portion of vertebra supporting 7 processes

60
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Large opening between vertebral arch and body containing spinal cord

61
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Encloses the vertebral foramen (protection)

62
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

The opening between every two vertebrae where the nerve roots exit the spine

63
Q

3 types of processes in vertebra

A
  • 1 spinous
  • 2 transverse
  • 4 articular
64
Q

Spinous process (3)

A
  • Single structure
  • Projects posteriorly midline of back
  • Site of muscle attachment
65
Q

Transverse process (3)

A
  • Paired structure
  • Projects laterally from vertebrae
  • Site of muscle attachment
66
Q

Articular process (3)

A
  • Superior and inferior process
  • Allows for controlled and coordinated movement, while maintaining the overall stability
  • Superior process extends upwards, inferior process extends downward
67
Q

Intervertebral disc

A

Made of fibrocartilage and separates the vertebrae

68
Q

C1 Atlas (4)

A
  • Supports skull
  • No body/spinous process
  • Ring shape
  • Transverse process longer and extend more naturally
69
Q

C2 Axis (3)

A
  • Allows rotation of head left and right
  • Resembles typical cervical vertebrae
  • Contains dens (bony projection extending upward from body)
  • Dens joined with anterior arch of atlas held in place by transverse ligament
70
Q

3 parts of sternum

A
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid
71
Q

Ribs 1-7

A

True ribs; coastal cartilage attaches DIRECTLY to sternum

72
Q

Ribs 8-10

A

False ribs; coastal cartilage attach to cartilage of next rib, and not sternum

73
Q

Ribs 11-12

A

Floating ribs; do not attach to sternum at all

74
Q

Clavical

A

Collarbone; S shaped

75
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder blade; flat and triangular shaped

76
Q

Humerus

A

Upper arm located between shoulder and elbow joints;

77
Q

Ulna and radius (2)

A
  • Forearm located between elbow and wrist
  • Radius runs parallel to ulna on LATERAL side
78
Q

Carpal

A

Base of hand and wrist

79
Q

Metacarpal

A

Palm of hand

80
Q

Phalanx

A

Digits

81
Q

Pelvis structure

A

2 hip bones, sacrum, coccyx

82
Q

3 components of hip bone

A
  • Illium (largest)
  • ischium
  • Pubis
83
Q

Female pelvis (4)

A
  • Lighter and thinner weight
  • Round/oval inlet
  • Shorter and wider shape
  • Greater than 80 degree subpubic angle
84
Q

Male pelvis (4)

A
  • Thicker and heavier weight
  • Heart shaped inlet
  • Longer and narrower shape
  • Less than 70 degree subpubic angle
85
Q

Male pelvis

A
  • Thicker and heavier weight
  • Heart shaped inlet
  • Longer and narrower shape
  • 7
86
Q

Femur

A

Thigh bones (strongest and longest)

87
Q

Patella

A

Kneecaps

88
Q

Tibula

A

Bone located between knee joint to ankle joint (second longest bone)

89
Q

Fibula (2)

A
  • Bone located between knee joint to ankle joint
  • Runs parallely and laterally to tibula
90
Q

Tarsal

A

Bones of base of feet below ankle

91
Q

Metatarsal

A

Bones of soles of feet

92
Q

Phalanges

A

The actual toe

93
Q

Calcaneus

A

Largest bone of foot forming heel

94
Q

Talus

A

Ankle joint

BIOL1103 (24 decks)

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