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SENSORY SYSTEM (SIMPLIFIED) Flashcards

1
Q

Free nerve ending

A

Dendrites embedded in tissue and receives sensation (pain, temperature)

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2
Q

Encapsulated ending

A

Sensory nerve endings encapsulated in connective tissue and enhances sensitivity (pressure, touch)

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3
Q

Specialized receptor cell

A

Distinct structrural components to interpret specific stimulus (light; photoreceptor)

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4
Q

Exteroreceptor

A

Located near stimulus on external environment (somatosensory receptor on skin)

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5
Q

Intereoceptor

A

Interprets stimuli from internal organs and tissue (detect blood pressure)

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6
Q

Proprioceptor

A

Receptor located near moving part of body, interprets position of tissues as it moves

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7
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

Chemical stimuli (taste, smell)

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8
Q

Osmoreceptor

A

Respond to solute concentration of body fluid

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9
Q

Nocioreceptor

A

Pain

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10
Q

Mechanoreceptor

A

Physical stimuli (sound; low freq vibration 5-15 hz, balance)

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11
Q

Thermoreceptor

A

Temperature

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12
Q

Photoreceptor

A

Light

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13
Q

General sense

A

Sense that is distributed throughout body with receptor cells within structures of other organs (touch, proprioception, balance)

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14
Q

Special sense

A

Sense with specific organ (eye, tongue, ear)

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15
Q

Somatosensation

A

Group of sensory modalities of vibration, pressure, touch, light, temperature, pain

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16
Q

Cutaneous receptors

A

Part of the somatosensory system with receptors located in skin

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17
Q

2 types of somatosensory signals

A

Pain and temperature

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18
Q

Bulbous corpuscle

A

Found in dermis and joint capsules detect stretch

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19
Q

Lamellated corpuscle

A

In dermis, subcutaneous tissue and detect high freq vibration ~250hz

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20
Q

Tactile corpuscle

A

In papillary dermis (fingertips and lips) and detect light touch vibrations below 50hz

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21
Q

Hair follicle plexus

A

Wrapped around hair follicle in dermis and detect movement of hair

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22
Q

Muscle spindle

A

With skeletal muscle fibres and detect muscle contraction and stretch

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23
Q

Tendon stretch organ

A

In line with tendon and detect stretch of tendons

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24
Q

Papillae

A

Raised bumps with taste bunds containing gustatory receptor cells

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25
Q

Pathway of gustation

A

Sensory neuron –> medulla (increased saliva and gastric juice) –> thalamus –> cerebrum (taste perceived)

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26
Q

Surface of tongue structure

A

Oral cavity lined by stratified squamous epithelium

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27
Q

Where are olfactory receptor neurons found

A

Small regions of walls of superior nasal cavity

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28
Q

Superior nasal cavity structure

A

Olfactory epithelium and contain bipolar sensory neurons

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29
Q

Olfacory sensory neuron structure

A

Dendrites extending from apical surface of epithelium into mucus lining the cavity

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30
Q

Where can olfactory tract project

A

Extends from basal surface of epithelium through skull opening and connect to olfactory bulb to connect to cerebral cortex, temporary lobe, limbic system or hypothalamus

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31
Q

Limbic system and hypothalamus significance in olfactory

A

Smell becomes associated with long term memory and emotional responses

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32
Q

External ear component (3)

A
  • Auricle (pinna)
  • Auditory canal
  • Tympanic membrane
33
Q

Auricle

A

Large fleshy structure on lateral side of head, directs sound waves to auditory canal

34
Q

Auditory canal

A

Enters skull and connects to tympanic membrane

35
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Ear drum and vibrates when struck by sound waves

36
Q

Middle ear components

A

3 small bones called auditory ossicles; malleus, incus, stapes

37
Q

Malleus

A

Attached to tympanic membrane and articulates with incus

38
Q

Incus

A

Articulates with stapes

39
Q

Stapes

A

Covers oval window that leads to inner ear

40
Q

Outer and middle ear functions

A

Directing sound waves towards inner ear

41
Q

Inner ear function

A

Sound waves traduced into neural signal

42
Q

Inner ear components (2)

A
  • Cochlea
  • Vestibule
43
Q

Conductive deafness

A

Interference directing sound waves to inner ear

44
Q

Eustachain tube

A

Tube that connects middle ear to pharynx to equilibrate air pressure through tympanic membrane

45
Q

Cochlea

A

Transduces sound

46
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

Sound reaches inner ear but not perceived (damage to cochlea)

47
Q

Scala vestibuli

A

Fluid filled tube in cochlea containing perilymph and runs above cochlear duct

48
Q

Cochlear duct

A

Central cavity of cochlea containing endolymph and sound traducing neurons and the organ of corti

49
Q

Scala tympani

A

Merges with Scala vestibuli running below cochlear duct

50
Q

Vestibular membrane

A

Separates scala vestibuli and cochlear duct

51
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Separates scala tympani and cochlear duct

52
Q

Organ of corti

A

Contains hair cells (inner and outer)

53
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

Gel like structure above hair cells

54
Q

Utricle and saccule

A

Senses head position and linear acceleration

55
Q

Semicircular ducts

A

Rotational movement of head

56
Q

Macula tissue

A

Composed of hair cells surrounded by support cells and makes up utricle and saccule

57
Q

Otolithic membrane

A

Located in vestibular system where hair cells extend to composed of calcium carbonate crystals

58
Q

Palpebral conjuctiva

A

Connects eyelids to eyeball

59
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

Tear production

60
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

Outer layer of eye; sclera and cornea

61
Q

Sclera

A

White areas of eyes most not visible

62
Q

Cornea

A

Anterior tip of eye and allows light to enter

63
Q

Vascular tunic

A

Middle layer of eye; choroid, ciliary body, iris

64
Q

Choroid

A

Highly vascularized connective tissue providing blood supply to eyeball

65
Q

Ciliary body

A

Muscle structure attached to lens by suspensory ligaments allowing to focus on light

66
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of eye made up of circular sphincter papillae and radial dilator papillae that open and close pupil

67
Q

Pupil

A

Hole at centre of eye for light

68
Q

Neural tunic

A

Innermost layer (retina) for photoreceptor

69
Q

Anterior cavity

A

Space between cornea and lens with aqueous humour

70
Q

Posterior cavity

A

Space behind lens filled with vitreous humour

71
Q

Optic disc

A

Blind spot; no photoreceptors here

72
Q

Macula lutea

A

Small depression with a fovea in the exact centre of retina

73
Q

Fovea

A

Only contains photoreceptors so it has the least amount of incoming light with sharpest vision

74
Q

Inner segment of photoreceptor

A

Contains nucleus and organelles

75
Q

Outer segment of photoreceptors

A

Where photoreception takes place

76
Q

Rods

A

Contain rhodopsin (singular)

77
Q

Cones

A

Contain opsin; sensitive to particular wavelength of light

78
Q

Targets of the optic tract

A

2 in diencephalon, one in midbrain, and majority to thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus)

BIOL1103 (24 decks)

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