PRACTICE QUIZ UNIT 12

Question 1

Is carpals part of axial skeleton

Answer 1

No

Question 2

What type of bone is a femur

Answer 2

Long bone

Question 3

What type of bone is occipital bone

Answer 3

Flat bone

Question 4

What type of bone comprises ankles and wrists

Answer 4

Short bone

Question 5

What bone of axial skeleton does not articulate with any other bone

Answer 5

Hyoid

Question 6

Joe was found dead. His hyoid bone was broken, what was most likely the cause of death

Answer 6

Strangulation

Question 7

True ribs

Answer 7

Ribs with costal cartilage that attaches directly to sternum

Question 8

Function for transverse and spinal processes of vertebrae

Answer 8

Attachment site for muscles

Question 9

Which vertebrae is the largest and strongest vertebrae in adult human

Answer 9

L4

Question 10

Anterior bone that articulates with manubrium of sternum at sternoclavicular joint

Answer 10

Clavical

Question 11

What bone articulates with scapula

Answer 11

Humerus

Question 12

How many phalanges are in each hand

Answer 12

14

Question 13

Function of pelvic girdle

Answer 13

Attachment site for lower limbs

Question 14

In the standard anatomical position, which bone of the pelvis is found most superior

Answer 14

Ilium

Question 15

Shaft of the femur angles

Answer 15

Laterally

Question 16

Diaphysis function

Answer 16

Storage of energy in form of triglycerides

Question 17

Region of long bone that articulates with other bones

Answer 17

Epiphysis

Question 18

Shaft of long bone

Answer 18

Diaphysis

Question 19

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 19

Layer of hyaline cartilage that allows diaphysis to grow in length

Question 20

Region of long bone found between diaphysis and epiphysis

Answer 20

Metaphysis

Question 21

Periosteum

Answer 21

Fibrous covering on surface of bone that is involved in thickening of bone

Question 22

Osteoblasts

Answer 22

Bone building cells

Question 23

Osteoclast

Answer 23

Bone dissolving cells

Question 24

Lacunae

Answer 24

Structures containing osteocytes

Question 25

Canaliculi

Answer 25

Extensions of lacunae filled with extracellular fluid

Question 26

Greenstick

Answer 26

Type of fracture that is only considered a partial fracture only seen in children

Question 27

Perichondrium

Answer 27

Connective tissue covering that develop and surround cartilage model found in endochondral ossification in fetus

Question 28

Process of intramembranous ossification (7)

Answer 28

1. Mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and begin to differentiate into specialized cells; some cells form capillaries, others become osteogenic c)ells.
2. Early osteoblasts appear in a cluster called an ossification center.
3. The osteoblasts secrete osteoid, uncalcified matrix, which calcifies within a few days, trapping the osteoblasts, which
   are now called osteocytes.
4. Osteogenic cells in the surrounding connective tissue differentiate into new osteoblasts.
5. Osteoid secreted around capillaries results in trabecular matrix, while osteoblasts on the surface of the spongy bone
   become the periosteum.
6. The periosteum then creates a protective layer of compact bone superficial to the trabecular bone.
7. The trabecular bone crowds nearby blood vessels, which eventually condense into red marrow.

Question 29

Process of endochondral ossification (12)

Answer 29

1. BV convert perichondrium into periosteum
2. Mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts that make osteoid that forms bone collar
3. Chondrocytes in diaphysis enlarge and surrounding matrix calcifies and begins to deteriorate, creating cavities
4. Cavities invaded by periosteal bud (nutrient artery and vein, nerve fibres, red marrow elements, osteogenic cells, osteoclasts
5. Osteoclasts erode calcified cartilage and osteogenic cells become osteoblasts that secrete osteoid around calcified fragments of cartilage
6. Forms bone covered cartilage trabecule (earliest version of spongy bone)
7. Primary ossification centre
8. Osteoclasts break down newly formed spongy bone to make medullary cavity
9. Osteoblasts proceed towards end of diaphysis
10. In epiphyses, the cartilage in centre calcifies and deteriorates, creating cavities
    11, Periosteal bud enterm forming secondary ossification centres
11. Bone trabeculae appear and secondary ossification except spongy bone in interior is retained and no medullary cavity forms in epiphyses
12. When secondary ossification is complete, hyaline cartilage remains on epiphyseal surfaces (articular cartilage) and at junction of diaphysis and epiphysis (epiphyseal plates)

Question 30

Unpaired bones that comprise cranium

Answer 30

Occipital and frontal

Question 31

Osteocytes

Answer 31

Cells of mature bone tissue

Question 32

Osteon

Answer 32

Basic functional unit of a bone

Question 33

Flat bone structure

Answer 33

Has a layer of spongy bone between two plates of compact bone

Question 34

How many thoracic vertebrae are there in human skeleton

Answer 34

12

Question 35

Floating ribs

Answer 35

Ribs not attached to sternum

Question 36

Vertebral foramen

Answer 36

Region where spinal nerve cord passes through

Question 37

Why is atlas unique

Answer 37

Because it has no body

Question 38

Which 3 fused bones that make up hip bone is largest

Answer 38

Ilium

Question 39

Which bone of lower leg is more lateral than other

Answer 39

Fibula

Question 40

Epiphysis

Answer 40

End of a long bone

Question 41

Endosteum

Answer 41

Lines medullary cavity

Question 42

Perichondrium

Answer 42

Membrane that covers cartilage model of future bone

Question 43

Compound/open fracture

Answer 43

Involves broken bone piercing the skin

Question 44

Greenstick

Answer 44

When a bone breaks on one side but is bent on other

Question 45

Describe the structure of the epiphyseal plate and how growth in length in long bones is accomplished

Answer 45

To the right is the structure of the epiphyseal plate.
* The reserve zone is the region closest to the epiphyseal end of the
plate and contains small chondrocytes within the matrix.
* These chondrocytes do not participate in bone growth but secure
the epiphyseal plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis.
* The proliferative zone is the next layer toward the diaphysis and
contains stacks of slightly larger chondrocytes.
* It makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the
diaphyseal end of the plate.
* In the zone of maturation and hypertrophy the chondrocytes are
older and larger.
* The more mature cells are situated closer to the diaphyseal end of
the plate.
* The longitudinal growth of bone is a result of cell division (in the
proliferative zone) and the maturation of cells (in the zone of
maturation and hypertrophy).
* In the zone of calcified matrix, most of the chondrocytes are
dead because the matrix around them has calcified.
* Capillaries and osteoblasts from the diaphysis penetrate this zone, and the osteoblasts secrete bone tissue on the remaining calcified
cartilage.
* The zone of calcified matrix connects the epiphyseal plate to the
diaphysis.

Question 46

Describe how a long bone grows in girth

Answer 46

• Bones increase in diameter as they grow in length and even after growth in length ceases.
• This type of growth is called appositional growth.
• Osteoclasts resorb old bone that lines the medullary cavity, while osteoblasts, via intramembranous ossification,
  produce new bone tissue located just beneath the periosteum.
• The above process manages to not only increase the diameter of the diaphysis but also the diameter of the
  medullary cavity.

Question 47

Describe (using words only) the structure of a ‘typical/ vertebra.

Answer 47

• A typical vertebra will consist of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven processes.
• The body is the anterior portion and is the part that supports body weight; as such, vertebral bodies increase in size
  and thickness going down the vertebral column.
• The vertebral arch forms the posterior portion of each vertebra.
• The large opening between the vertebral arch and body is the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord.
• The vertebral foramina of all of the vertebrae align to form the vertebral canal, the bony protection and passageway
  for the spinal cord down the back.
• Aligned together in the vertebral column, notches in the margins of the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae together
  form an intervertebral foramen, the opening through which a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column.
• 7 processes arise from the vertebral arch.
• Each paired transverse process projects laterally from the body of the vertebra.
• The single spinous process projects posteriorly at the midline of the back.
• The transverse and spinous processes serve as sites of muscle attachment.
• A superior articular process extends upward while an inferior articular process extends downward on each side of a
  vertebrae. These allow for slightly moveable joints between the adjacent vertebrae.

Question 48

Atlas

Answer 48

• C1is also called the atlas, because it supports the skull.
• No body or spinous process.
• It it is ring-shaped, consisting of an anterior arch and a posterior arch.
• The transverse processes of the atlas are longer and extend more laterally than other cervical vertebrae.
• The superior articular processes face upward and are deeply curved for articulation with the occipital condyles on
  the base of the skull.
• The inferior articular processes are flat and face downward to join with the superior articular processes of the C2
  vertebra.

Question 49

Axis

Answer 49

• C2 is called the axis because it serves as the axis for rotation when turning the head toward the right or left.
• The axis resembles a typical cervical vertebrae in most respects.
• However, it is easily distinguished by the dens, a bony projection that extends upward from the vertebral body.
• The dens joins with the inner aspect of the anterior arch of the atlas, where it is held in place by transverse
  ligament.