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BIOL1103 > MUSCLE ANATOMY & MOVEMENT > Flashcards

MUSCLE ANATOMY & MOVEMENT Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle Tissue Characteristics (3):

A
  • Contraction –> Exhibits excitability to generate action potential and contract
  • Relaxation –> Returns muscle to original length due to elasticity
  • Extensibility –> Stretching and extending
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2
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Organ consisting of various tissues; skeletal muscle fibers, blood vessels, nerve fibers, connective tissue and located throughout the body

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle functions (4)

A
  • Causes body parts to move when contracted
  • Controls movement of substances (swallowing)
  • Protect internal organs
  • Generate heat when contracted and maintain homeostasis
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4
Q

Skeletal muscle structure

A

Enclosed by 3 layers of connective tissue that compartmentalize muscle fibers

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5
Q

3 layers of skeletal muscle:

A
  • Epimysium (outer)
  • Perimysium (middle)
  • Endomysium (inner)
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6
Q

Epimysium

A

Outer sheath of dense, irregular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle to allow it to contract and move powerfully; also separates muscle from other tissues/organs, allowing muscle to move independently

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7
Q

Perimysium

A

Middle layer surrounding bundles of muscle fibers (fascicle)

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8
Q

Endomysium

A

Innermost layer of thin connective tissue layer of collagen and reticular fibers surrounding individual muscle fibers containing extracellular fluid and nutrients for muscle fiber and supplied via blood

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9
Q

Relationship of tendons and the skeletal muscles

A

The collagen in the 3 layers intertwines with collagen of tendon, and the end of the tendon fuses with periosteum

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10
Q

Reason for the multinucleated skeletal muscle fiber

A

Embryonic myoblasts (each with ow nucleus) fuse with hundreds of other myoblasts

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11
Q

Multiple nuclei meaning

A

Means multiple copies of genes, permitting production of large amounts of protein and enzymes needed for muscle contraction

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12
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Cell membrane of muscle fiber

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13
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of muscle fibers

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14
Q

Sarcoplasmis reticulum (SR)

A

Specialized smooth ER that stores, releases, and retrieves calcium ions

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15
Q

Sarcomere

A

Functional unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE (arrangement of actin [thin], myosin [thick], other support proteins) with cylinder shape bordered by Z discs where actin is anchored

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16
Q

Myofibril

A

Repeating units of sacromeres that causes entire muscle cell to contract as each myofibril contracts

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17
Q

Reason for striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers

A

Due to arrangement of actin and myosin

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18
Q

Troponin and tropomyosin

A

Regulatory proteins for each packet of actin and myosin

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19
Q

4 factors influencing movement at synovial joints (4):

A
  • Orientation of muscle (origin and insertion)
  • Action of other muscles (other muscles that may originate/insert on same bone)
  • Type of joint that occurs between bone
  • Muscle tension that can restrict full range of movement
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20
Q

Flexion and extension

A

Movement in sagittal plane and involve anterior and posterior movements of body/limbs

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21
Q

Flexion

A

Bending of neck or body and decreases the angle between bones

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22
Q

Extension

A

Straightening from flexed position and increases angle between bones and straightens joint

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23
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Movement towards right or left sides (eg. Bending head/body left or right)

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24
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Movement towards right or left sides (eg. Bending head/body left or right)

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25
Q

Hyperextension

A

Abnormal/excessive extension of joint beyond normal range of motion = injury

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26
Q

Hyperflexion

A

Excessive flexion at joint, common at hinge joints such as knee or elbow

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27
Q

Hyperflexion

A

Excessive flexion at joint, common at hinge joints such as knee or elbow

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28
Q

Abduction and adduction

A

Movement in coronal plane and involve medial or lateral movements of limbs, fingers, toes, or thumbs

29
Q

Abduction

A

Moves limb laterally from midline of body (eg. Raising arm at shoulder)

30
Q

Adduction

A

Moves limb medially towards midline of body (eg. Bringing arm down to side of body)

31
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement of body region in circular manner so one region is relatively stationary, while the other describes a circle. Involves combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction at joint

32
Q

Rotation

A

Twisting movement of body part around vertical axis and occurs at pivot or ball and socket joint (eg. Shaking head no, moving humerus/femur toward or away from midline)

33
Q

Supination and pronation

A

Movements of forearm

34
Q

Supinated position

A

Anatomical position with palm facing forward

35
Q

Pronated position

A

Anatomical position with palms facing backwards

36
Q

Supination

A

Moves forearm from palms facing backwards to forward

37
Q

Pronation

A

Moves forearm from palms facing forward to backwards

38
Q

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

A

Movements at ankle joint

39
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Lifting front of foot

40
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Lifting heel of foot from ground and pointing toes downwards

41
Q

Inversion and eversion

A

Complex movements involving multiple plane joints among tarsal bones of posterior foot

42
Q

Inversion

A

Turning of foot toward midline

43
Q

Eversion

A

Turning of foot away from midline

44
Q

Protraction and retraction

A

Anterior-posterior movements of scapula (shoulder blades) and mandible (lower jaw)

45
Q

Protraction

A

Pushing shoulder or lower jaw forwards

46
Q

Retraction

A

Pulling shoulder or lower jaw backwards

47
Q

Depression and elevation

A

Downward and upward movements of scapula or mandible

48
Q

Depression

A

Occurs when shoulder or lower jaw moves downward

49
Q

Elevation

A

Occurs when shoulder or upper jaw moves upwards

50
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Paired muscle that performs lateral flexion of the head, rotation of head, and flexion of head

51
Q

Erector spinae group

A

Forms most of the muscle mass of the back and performs extension of the vertebral column

52
Q

Abdominal muscles

A

4 pairs of muscles that cover the anterior and lateral abdominal region and meet at anterior midline. Muscles run in different orientations to allow various movements and rotations of trunk and to help protect internal organs

53
Q

4 pairs of abdominal muscles:

A
  • External obliques
  • Internal obliques
  • Transverse abdominis
  • Rectus abdominis
54
Q

Linea alba

A

White fibrous band that encloses the rectus abdominis muscles that perform flexion of abdomen

55
Q

Diaphragm

A

Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities and is dome shaped at rest. Responsible for change in volume of thoracic cavity during breathing due to alternate contraction and relaxation and also functions with abdominal muscles for defecating, urination, and childbirth

56
Q

3 openings for passage of structures between thorax and abdomen:

A
  • Inferior vena cava passing through caval opening
  • Esophagus passing through esophageal hiatus
  • Aorta passing through aortic hiatus
57
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Three sets of muscles that span each of the intercostal spaces for breathing by allowing changes in dimension of rib cage

58
Q

3 sets of intercostal muscle:

A
  • External intercostal
  • Internal intercostal
  • Innermost intercostal
59
Q

Trapezius

A

Important muscle affecting movements of pectoral (shoulder) girdle. Involved in diverse movements such as elevation, depression, and adduction of scapula and extension of head

60
Q

Muscles that move the humerus (6):

A
  • Pectoralis major; ADDUCTS humerus
  • Latissimus dorsi; ADDUCTS humerus
  • Coracobranchialis; flexes and ADDUCTS arm
  • Deltoid; ABDUCTS humerus
  • Supraspinatus; ABDUCTS arm
  • Teres major and teres minor; extend arm
61
Q

Muscles that move the forearm (radius and ulna)

A

Flexion of forearm by biceps branchii, branchioradialis, and branchialis. Extension of forearm by triceps branchii

62
Q

Muscles that move the femur (3)

A
  • Psoas major and iliacus that make up iliopsoas group; flexion of hip
  • Gluteus maximus; lateral rotation and extension of hip
  • Gluteus medius; adduction and medial rotation of hip
63
Q

Muscles that move the femur, tibia, fibula (4)

A
  • Gracilis; adduction of thigh and flexion of legs at knee
  • Quadricepts femoris group; 4 muscles extension of lower leg at knee
  • Sartorius; flexion of leg at knee and flexion, abduction and lateral rotation of leg at knee
  • Hamstring group; flexion of leg at knee
64
Q

Muscles that move feet and toes (4)

A
  • Gastrocnemius; most superficial and visible of calf
  • Soleus; deep to gastrocnemius and is wide and flat
  • Both gastrocnemius and soleus contribute to plantar flexion
  • Tibialis anterior; long thick muscle on lateral surface of tibia that raises front of foot when contracted (dorsiflexion)
65
Q

Factors influencing muscle performance

A

Physical training and lack of use can result in marked increase and decrease in muscle performance

66
Q

Hypertrophy

A

When muscles grow from use and structural proteins are added to muscle fibers (increase diameter)

67
Q

Atrophy

A

When muscle fibers lose structural proteins due to the muscles not being used regularly (decrease muscle mass)

68
Q

Sacropenia

A

Age related muscle atrophy

BIOL1103 (24 decks)

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