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SENSORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Activation of sensory receptor cells at level of stimulus

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2
Q

Perception

A

Ability to see, hear or become aware of senses; dependant on sensation but not all sensations are perceived

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3
Q

Receptors

A

Cells or structures that detect sensations

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4
Q

Transmembrane protein receptors

A

Activated by ligand chemicals that usually open ion channels

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5
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Sensitive to mechanical or thermal changes and increase ion flow across membrane

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6
Q

3 receptor structures:

A
  • Free ending of dendrites
  • Encapsulated ending
  • Specialized receptor cell
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7
Q

Free ending of dendrites

A

Embedded in tissue and receives a sensation (pain and temperature receptors)

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8
Q

Encapsulated ending

A

Encapsulated in connective tissue that enhance sensitivity (pressure and touch receptors)

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9
Q

Specialized receptor cell

A

Has structural components to interpret a specific type of stimulus (light receptors)

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10
Q

Exteroreceptors

A

Receptors located near a stimulus in the environment (somatosensory receptors located in skin)

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11
Q

Interoreceptors

A

Receptors that interpret stimuli from internal organs and tissues (eg. receptors that sense blood pressure in aorta)

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12
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

Receptors located near a moving part of the body interpreting positions of tissues as they move (eg. receptors in muscles)

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13
Q

Ways that receptors can transduce stimuli into changes in membrane potential (3)

A
  • Some stimuli are ions and macromolecules affecting transmembrane proteins as they diffuse across membrane
  • Some stimuli are physical variations in the environment affecting receptor cell membrane potentials
  • Some stimuli are composed of electromagnetic radiation from visible light
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14
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Receptors that detect chemical stimuli that arise from external environment (taste, smell, pain, solute concentration)

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15
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Interpret physical stimuli (pressure, vibration, sound, body position)

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16
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Specialized class of mechanoreceptors that are sensitive to temperature changes

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17
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Detect light

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18
Q

General sense

A

Sensation of touch, pain, balance, and sensations from internal organs that are felt throughout the body

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19
Q

Special sense

A

Sense that has a specific organ devoted to it (eye, inner ear, tongue, nose)

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20
Q

5 major submodalities of sensory:

A
  • Chemical senses are taste and smell
  • Touch is a general sense and includes chemical sensation of pain
  • Pressure, vibration, muscle stretching and movement of hair sensed by mechanoreceptors
  • Hearing and balance use mechanoreceptors
  • Vision uses photoreceptors
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21
Q

Free nerve endings stimuli

A

Pain, temperature, mechanical deformation

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22
Q

Mechanoreceptors stimuli

A

Low frequency vibration (5-15 Hz)

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23
Q

Bulbous corpuscle stimuli

A

Stretch

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24
Q

Tactile corpuscle stimuli

A

Light touch, vibrations below 50 Hz

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25
Q

Lamellated corpuscle stimuli

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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26
Q

Hair follicle plexus stimuli

A

Movement of hair

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27
Q

Muscle spindle stimuli

A

Muscle contraction and stretch

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28
Q

Tendon stretch organ stimuli

A

Stretch of tendons

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29
Q

Gustation

A

Special sense associated with tongue. Surface of tongue lined by stratified squamous epithelium

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30
Q

Papillae

A

Raised bumps on tongue that contain structures for gustatory transduction. Contains taste buds that have gustatory receptor cells sensitive to chemicals within food

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31
Q

What are gustatory receptor cells activated by

A

Taste molecules through the release of NT to dendrites of sensory neurons (facial, glossopharyngeal, vague nerves)

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32
Q

Pre-8os taste (gustation)

A

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter

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33
Q

8os taste (gustation)

A

Very savory

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34
Q

Facial nerves

A

Connects to the anterior 1/3 of tongue

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35
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Connects to posterior 2/3 of the tongue and pharynx

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36
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Connects with taste buds in extreme posterior of tongue and pharynx

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37
Q

Pathway of gustation (2):

A
  • Sensory neurons carry information to medulla (reflexes contribute to digestion by increasing secretion of saliva and gastric juices) then thalamus
  • Neurons project to the cerebrum where taste is perceived
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38
Q

Limbic system and hypothalamus function regarding gustation

A

Involved in emotional responses elicited by food

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39
Q

Where are olfactory receptor neurons located

A

In small region of the walls of superior nasal cavity; olfactory epithelium - and contains bipolar sensory neurons

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40
Q

Olfactory receptor neuron structure

A

Each neuron has dendrites that extend from apical surface of epithelium into mucus lining the cavity

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41
Q

Pathway olfactory receptor neuron (3):

A
  • Molecules are inhaled and pass over the olfactory epithelial region and dissolve into mucus
  • Molecules bind to proteins that help transport them to olfactory dendrites
  • Odorant-protein complex binds to a receptor protein within cell membrane of olfactory neuron dendrite and produce action potential
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42
Q

Olfactory sensory neuron structure

A

Axons extends through opening in skull and into brain. Group of axon called olfactory tract connect to olfactory bulb on ventral surface of frontal lobe

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43
Q

Pathway of olfactory sensory neuron

A

Olfactory tract connect to olfactory bulb and some travel to temporal lobe of cerebral cortex

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44
Q

How can smell be a potent trigger of memories and emotion

A

Some axons of olfactory sensory neuron project to limbic system and hypothalamus where smell becomes associated with long-term memory and responses

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45
Q

Audition

A

Transmission of sound waves into neural signal

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46
Q

External ear

A

Collects and focuses sound waves

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47
Q

Middle ear

A

Amplifies and transmits sound waves from outer ear to inner ear

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48
Q

Inner ear

A

Transduces sound waves into neuronal signal

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49
Q

External ear components (3)

A
  • Auricle
  • Auditory canal
  • Tympanic membrane
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50
Q

Auricle

A

Large, fleshy structure on each lateral aspect of the head functioning in directing sounds towards auditory canal which enters skull

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51
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum at the end of the canal and vibrates when struck by sound waves

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52
Q

What part of the ear is responsible for directing sound waves towards inner ear

A

Outer and middle ear

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53
Q

Conductive deafness

A

Interference with directing sound waves towards inner ear

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54
Q

Middle ear component

A

Auditory ossicles

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55
Q

3 auditory ossicles:

A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
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56
Q

Malleus:

A

Attached to tympanic membrane and articulates with incus

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57
Q

Incus

A

Articulates with stapes

58
Q

Stapes

A

Covers an opening, the oval window, leading into the inner ear where the sound waves will be transduced into a neural signal

59
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Allows the middle ear to connect to the pharynx and helps quilibrate air pressure across tympanic membrane

60
Q

Inner ear

A

Described as a bony labyrinth

61
Q

2 regions of the inner ear and function

A
  • Cochlea
  • Vestibule
  • Responsible for audition and equilibrium
62
Q

Pathway of audition (3)

A
  • Impulse travels along vestibulocochlear nerve which synapses with neuron in medulla oblongata
  • Auditory processing continues on to midbrain, thalamus, and primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe
  • Location of sound can be determined by comparing information arriving at both ears
63
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

Problem within the cochlea or the neural pathway to the auditory cortex. (sound wave may reach inner ear but not ultimately perceived)

64
Q

Oval window

A

Connective tissue membrane located at the end of the middle ear and the beginning of the inner ear.

65
Q

Scala vestibuli

A

Runs ALONG and ABOVE cochlear duct (scala media), the central cavity of cochlea containing neurons

66
Q

Perilymph filled tube/scala tympani

A

Returns to the base of cochlea travelling UNDER cochlear duct

67
Q

Round window

A

Where the scala tympani ends and is covered by a membrane containing fluid within scala

68
Q

How do vibrations travel in oval window

A

The fluid of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani move in a wave like motion. The frequency of the fluid waves match frequencies of the sound waves within membrane covering the round window

69
Q

Vestibular membrane

A

Separates the scala vestibuli and the cochlear duct

70
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Separates the scala tympani and cochlear duct

71
Q

Cochlear duct

A

Fluid filled cavity containing endolymph and contains organs of corti that transduce wave motion of the two scalae into neural signals

72
Q

Organs of corti

A

Lie on top of basilar membrane along length of cochlear duct and contain hair cells (stereocilia) extending from cell’s apical surfaces

73
Q

Stereocilia

A

Hair cells that extend to the overlying gel-like tectorial membrane. When the pressure waves of endolymph in cochlear duct vibrate the basilar membrane, the hair cells move as well.

74
Q

What causes ion channels to open regarding stereocilia

A

When the stereocilia bend towards the tallest member of the array, tension in the protein tethers and opens ion channels further depolarizing cell membrane and triggering nerve impulses

75
Q

What causes ion channels to close regarding stereocilia

A

When the stereocilia bend towards shortest member of their array, tension on the tether slackens and ion channels close

76
Q

What part of the ear responsible for balance (equilibrium)

A

Inner ear is responsible for encoding information about the sense of balance (equilibrium)

77
Q

Hair cell balance (equilibrium) function

A

Sense head position, head movement, and weather body is in motion

78
Q

Head position and static equilibrium

A

(linear acceleration) Sensed by utricle and saccule

79
Q

Rotational movement

A

(dynamic equilibrium) sensed by semicircular duct

80
Q

Utricle and saccule

A

Composed of macula tissue

81
Q

Macula

A

Composed of hair cells surrounded by support tissue

82
Q

Otolithic membrane

A

The membrane serves to determine if the body or the head is tilted, in addition to the linear acceleration of the body.

83
Q

How do hair cells depolarize and repolarize

A

The moving otolithic membrane bending the stereocilia

84
Q

Calcium carbonate crystals and otoliths

A

Found on top of otolithic membrane that make the membrane top heavy

85
Q

Semicircular canals

A

3 ring like extensions of vestibule filled with perilymph, containing an additional compartment called semicircular duct within each canal

86
Q

Semicircular ducts

A

Filled with endolymph and specialized for the detection of angular accelerations (eg. Bending, rotation of head)

87
Q

Ampulla

A

Enlarged region with the base of each semicircular canal. Contains sense organ of balance (crista ampullaris)

88
Q

Crista ampullaris

A

Sense organ of balance containing hair cells with stereocilia on the apical side and respond to rotational movement

89
Q

Cupula

A

Jelly like structure that attach to top of ampulla

90
Q

Vestibular system

A

Where balance is coordinated and carries information from utricle, saccule, semicircular duct

91
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Where axons terminate and project axons in brain stem

92
Q

Cerebellum

A

Another region where axons project directly

93
Q

Reticular formation

A

Respiratory and cardiovascular functions in relation to body movements

94
Q

Spinal cord

A

Spinal reflexes involved with posture and balance

95
Q

Vision

A

Special sense of sight based on transduction of light stimuli received through eye

96
Q

Orbit

A

Where the eyes are located within

97
Q

Bony orbits

A

Surrounds eyeballs protecting them and anchoring soft tissues of eyes

98
Q

Eyelids and lash function

A

Help protect eyes from abrasion by blocking particles that may land on the surface of the eye

99
Q

Palpebral conjunctiva

A

Thin membrane on inner surface of eye lid extending over the white areas of the eye (sclera) connecting the eyelids to the eyeball

100
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

Tear production located beneath lateral edges of the nose and each side of nose. Tears flow through lacrimal duct to medial corner of eye washing away foreign particles

101
Q

Sclera

A

White areas of eye

102
Q

How is movement of the eye achieved

A

Contraction of 6 extraocular muscles originating from bones of the orbit and insert into surface of eyeball

103
Q

6 extraocular muscles moving the eye:

A
  • Levator palpebrae superioris
  • Superior rectus
  • Inferior rectus
  • Medial rectus
  • Lateral rectus
  • Inferior oblique
  • Superior oblique
104
Q

Eyes

A

Hollow sphere composed of 3 layers of tissue (tunics)

105
Q

3 layers of the tissue (tunics):

A
  • Fibrous tunic
  • Vascular tunic
  • Neural tunic
106
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

Outermost layer including white sclera and clear cornea

107
Q

Vascular tunic

A

Middle layer composed of choroid, ciliary body, iris

108
Q

Neural tunic

A

Innermost layer containing nervous tissue for photoreception

109
Q

Sclera

A

Accounts for 5/6 of surface of the eye, most of which is not visible

110
Q

Cornea

A

Covers anterior tip of the eye and allows light to enter eye

111
Q

Choroid

A

Layer of highly vascularized connective tissue that provides blood supply to eyeball (posterior to ciliary body)

112
Q

Ciliary body

A

Muscular structure attached to lens by zonule fibers (suspensory ligaments). They bend the lens allowing it to focus light on the back of the eye

113
Q

What 2 structures of the eye allow lens to bend

A

Ciliary body and zonule fibers

114
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of eye

115
Q

2 smooth muscles in iris:

A
  • Sphincter pupillae
  • Radical dilator pupillae
  • They open and close the pupil
116
Q

Pupil

A

Hole at the center of the eye that allows light to enter

117
Q

How does the iris regulate amount of light reaching retina

A

Iris constricts the pupil in response to bright light and dilates the pupil in response to dim light

118
Q

2 cavities of the eye:

A
  • Anterior cavity: space between cornea and lens, filled with watery fluid called aqueous humor
  • Posterior cavity: space behind lens; filled with viscous fluid called vitreous humor
119
Q

Retina

A

Composed of several layers and contains specialized cells for the initial processing of visual stimuli. Turns light energy into 3 dimensional images and is a layer of photoreceptors and glial cells

120
Q

Bipolar cell in retina

A

Connects photoreceptor to ganglion cell in the inner synaptic layer

121
Q

Optic disc and optic nerve

A

Axons of the ganglion cells collect at the optic disk and leave the eye as optic nerves

122
Q

Blind spot explanation

A

Because axons pass through the retina, there are no photoreceptors at the very back of the eye, where the optic nerve begins; this creates a “blind spot” in the retina and a corresponding blind spot in the visual field

123
Q

Macula lutea

A

Exact center of the retina containing small depression in the middle called fovea

124
Q

Fovea

A

Region where retina lacks supporting cells and blood vessels and only contain photoreceptors so there is least amount of incoming light so it is the sharpest vision

125
Q

2 parts of photoreceptor cells:

A
  • Inner segment
    • Outer segment
126
Q

Inner segment

A

Contains nucleus, organelles

127
Q

Outer segment

A

Specialized region in which photoreception takes place

128
Q

2 types of photoreceptors:

A
  • Rods
  • cones
129
Q

Rods

A

Contain stack of membrane bound discs containing the pigment rhodopsin

130
Q

Cones

A

Detect different colors and require brightly lit environments

131
Q

Opsins

A

3 cone photopigments that are each sensitive to a particular wavelength of light

132
Q

Pigments in human eye

A

Red, green, blue

133
Q

Focusing light on retina (3):

A
  • Contraction and relaxation of muscles and the accommodation of lens
  • Muscles allow for greater or less convergence of eyeballs so that both eyeballs can be directed at same point in space
  • Closer the object, the greater degree of convergence
134
Q

How is accommodation done

A

Accomplished by contraction or relaxation of circulatory ciliary muscle to which the suspensory ligaments are attached

135
Q

Ciliary muscle contraction

A

Allows suspensory ligaments to loosen and the lens to bulge

136
Q

Ciliary muscle relaxation

A

Pulls suspensory ligaments taut, pulling the lens flat

137
Q

Visual sensory pathway (3):

A
  • The left field of view of each eye is processed on the right side of the brain
  • The right field of view of each eye is processed on the left side of the brain
  • (optic chiasm)
138
Q

Optic tract

A

Axons of the visual system

139
Q

3 major targets of optic tract:

A
  • Two in diencephalon
  • One in midbrain
  • Superior colliculi (visual reflex center in midbrain)
140
Q

Where are most of the connections of the optic tract to

141
Q

Visual cortex

A

Located in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum where axons are projected

142
Q

Optic disc

A

Blind spot

BIOL1103 (24 decks)

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