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BIOL1103 > INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary system

A

Consists of the skin and its associated structures. It is the largest organ in the body and makes up about 16% of body weight in adult human

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2
Q

3 main functions of integumentary system:

A
  • Protection: Skin protects from basic elements of nature (wind, water, UV sunlight)
  • Sensory function: Hair root plexus senses physical disturbance, epidermis/dermis/hypodermis contain sensory neurons that detect touch, temperature and pain
  • Thermoregulation: Sweat glands and accessory structures help cool body when it becomes warm
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3
Q

Skin

A

Organ composed of tissues that work together as a single structure to perform unique and critical functions

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4
Q

Skin function

A

Functions in protection of body

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5
Q

Skin structure

A

Made up of multiple layers of cells and tissues held to underlying structures by connective tissue and has sensory and nerve fibers ensuring communication from brain

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6
Q

Epidermis

A

Avascular (no blood vessels), composed of layers of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

Thick skin

A

Refers to the 5 layers (everything including stratum lucidum) of cells in skin and is found only on palms of hands and soles on feet

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8
Q

5 layers of skin:

A
  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin)
  • Stratum granulosum
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9
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Cell that manufactures and stores keratin protein

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10
Q

Keratin

A

Intracellular fibrous protein that gives hair, nails, and skin their hardness and water-resistant properties

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11
Q

Stratum basale structure (3):

A
  • Deepest layer attaching epidermis to basal lamina
  • Cells bond to dermis through collagen fibers of basement membrane
  • Single layer of cells primarily composed of basal cells which are cuboidal shaped stem cells and precursors of keratinocytes
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12
Q

Dermal papillae

A

Finger like projections or folds, strengthens connection between epidermis and dermis

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13
Q

2 types of cells that can be found in stratum basale:

A
  • Merkel cells: Receptors for touch
  • Melanocytes: Produce pigment melanin
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14
Q

Stratum Spinosum structure (2)

A
  • SPINY in appearance due to protruding cell processes that connect via desmosomes
  • 8-10 layers of keratinocytes formed from cell division in stratum basale
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15
Q

Langerhan cells

A

Immune cells scattered on stratum spinosum functioning in macrophages by engulfing bacteria, foregin particles and damaged cells

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16
Q

Keratinocytes function in stratum spinosum

A

Produce keratain and release water-repelling glycolipid that helps prevent water loss from body making skin waterproof

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17
Q

Stratum granulosum structure (3)

A
  • GRAINY appearance due to changes by keratinocytes moving from stratum spinosum
  • Cells become flatter and cell membrane thickens
  • Production of fibrous keratin and accumulation of keratohyalin granules
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18
Q

What happens to nuclei and other organelles as cells die in stratum granulosum

A

Nuclei and other organelles disintegrate as cells die, leaving behind keratin, keratohyalin, and cell membrane

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19
Q

Reasoning for grainy appearance in stratum granulosum

A

Keratin and keratohyalin forms majority of keratinocyte mass, giving the layer its grainy appearance

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20
Q

Stratum lucidum structure (3):

A
  • SMOOTH seemingly translucent layer above stratum granulosum and below stratum corneum
  • Keratinocytes that compose stratum lucidum are dead and flattened
  • Cells densely packed with eleiden, a clear protein derived from keratohyalin which gives cells transparent appearance and provides barrier to water
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21
Q

Where is stratum lucidum found

A

Found ONLY in thick skin of palms, soles, and digits

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22
Q

Eleiden

A

A clear protein derived from keratohyalin which gives cells transparent appearance and provides barrier to water; found densely packed in stratum lucidum

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23
Q

Stratum corneum structure

A

Most superficial layer of epidermis with 15-30 layers of cells exposed to outside environment

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24
Q

Stratum corneum function

A

It is a dead, dry later so it helps prevent penetration of microbes and dehydration of underlying tissues and provides mechanical protection against abrasion and sheds periodically and replaced by cells pushed from layer below

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25
Q

How does stratum corneum get its name

A

From the increased keratinization of cells in this layer of skin

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26
Q

Dermis

A

Considered the core of the integumentary system containing blood, lymph vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands

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27
Q

Two layers of connective tissue that composes dermis:

A
  • Papillary layer (superficial)
  • Reticular later (deep)
  • Compose an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers produced by fibroblasts
28
Q

Papillary layer (3):

A
  • Made up of loose areolar connective tissue
  • Contains fibroblasts, small amounts adipocytes, abundance of small blood vessels, lymphatic capillaries, nerve fibers, and touch receptors called tactile (meissner) corpuscles
  • Contains phagocytes to fight bacteria and other infections
29
Q

Reticular layer (2):

A
  • Made up of dense, irregular connective tissue
  • Well vascularized, has rich sensory and nerve supply
30
Q

Elastin fibers in skin

A

Provides elasticity to skin, enable movement

31
Q

Collagen fibers in skin

A

Provide structure and tensile strength

32
Q

Hypodermis

A

Layer directly below dermis and functions to connect skin to underlying fibrous tissue of bones and muscle. It is well vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue that functions for fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning

33
Q

Proteins involved in skin pigmentation

A

Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

34
Q

Melanin

A

Gives hair and skin its color, and helps protect living cells of epidermis from UV damage; dark skinned individuals have more melanin than those who are pale

35
Q

Exposure to UV rays of sun or tanning salons effects on melanin

A

Cause melanin to be manufactured and build up keratinocytes which darken skin

36
Q

Increased melanin concentrations significance

A

Protects DNA of epidermal cells from UV damage but can interfere with vitamin D production

37
Q

What happens after 10 days of initial sun exposure

A

Melanin synthesis tend to peak around 10 days which explains why pale skinned individuals tend to suffer sunburns of epidermis initially

38
Q

Can darker skinned people get sunburnt

A

Yes, but their sunburns are more protected

39
Q

Too much sun exposure impacts

A

Lead to wrinkling due to destruction of cellular structure of skin, or cause sufficient DNA damage resulting in skin cancer

40
Q

Moles

A

Larger masses of melanocytes and although most are benign, they should be monitored for changes that could indicate presence of cancer

41
Q

Hair

A

Keratinous filament growing out of epidermis and composed of dead, keratinized cells. Strands of hair originate in epidermal penetration of dermis called hair follicle

42
Q

Hair shaft

A

Exposed part of hair above skin surface and not anchored to follicle

43
Q

Hair root

A

Lies below surface of skin and anchored in follicle

44
Q

Hair bulb

A

Deep end of hair follicle containing hair papilla

45
Q

Hair matrix

A

Layer of actively growing basal cells

46
Q

Hair papilla

A

Surrounded by hair bulb made of connective tissue containing blood capillaries and nerve endings from dermis

47
Q

Basal cells of hair bulb

A

Divide and push cells outward in hair root and shaft

48
Q

External hair

A

Completely dead and composed entirely of keratin

49
Q

Hair general functions

A

Protection, sensory input, thermoregulation, communication

50
Q

Hair functions (2):

A
  • Protect skin from sun rays, trap/exclude dust particles containing allergens or microbes, and prevent sweat and particles from dripping in eyes
  • Hair is sensitive to air movement and disturbances in environment or on surface of skin due to hair plexus surrounding the base of each follicle
51
Q

Arrector pili

A

Smooth muscle that each hair root is connected to making hair shaft become erect and adding an insulating layer of air for animals with heavy coat

52
Q

Nail bed

A

Specialized structure of epidermis that is found at the tip of fingers and toes

53
Q

Nail body

A

Forms at nail root and protects tips of fingers and toes because they are the farthest extremities that experience the maximum mechanical stress. They also form a back-support for picking up small items

54
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A

Glands that produce sweat to cool the body when warm

55
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Produce sweat that will assist in thermoregulation by evaporating and removing excess heat from the skin

56
Q

2 main types of sweat glands:

A
  • Eccrine sweat glands
  • Apocrine sweat glands
57
Q

Eccrine sweat gland (3)

A
  • Primary component of thermoregulation in humans and thus help maintain homeostasis
  • Produces hypotonic (relative to blood plasma) sweat for thermoregulation
  • This type of sweat released by exocytosis composed mostly of water with some salt, antibodies, traces of metabolic waste, and dermicidin (antimicrobial peptide)
58
Q

Eccrine gland location

A

Found all over skin surface and most abundant on palms of hand, soles of feet, and forehead

59
Q

Eccrine gland structure

A

Coiled glands deep in dermis with the duct rising to a pore on skin surface where sweat is released

60
Q

Apocrine sweat gland (2):

A
  • Usually associated with hair follicles in densely hairy areas such as armpits, and anogenital regions
  • This type of sweat includes water, salt, organic compounds that make sweat thicker and subject to bacterial decomposition and subsequent smell
61
Q

Apocrine gland location and structure

A

Larger than eccrine and deeper in dermis, with duct normally emptying into hair follicle

62
Q

Mammary gland

A

Found in breasts and produce/secrete milk, nourish growing offspring

63
Q

Ceruminous gland

A

Found in external ear canal and produce/secrete mixture of lipids and proteins, combines with sebum and dead keratinocytes to form cerumen (earwax)

64
Q

Sebaceous gland (2):

A
  • Oil gland found all over the body and helps lubricate and waterproof skin and hair
  • Associated with hair follicles and make sebum (mixture of lipids on skin surface)
65
Q

Sebum

A

Mixture of lipids on skin surface that lubricates dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of stratum corneum, keeping it pliable

66
Q

Fatty acids of sebum function

A

Has antimicrobial properties and prevent water loss from skin

BIOL1103 (24 decks)

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