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BIOL1103 > CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION > Flashcards

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Flashcards

1
Q

Organization

A

Biological organisation is the hierarchy of complex biological structures and systems that define life using a reductionistic approach

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2
Q

Body’s largest organ system

A

Integumentary system, includes skin and its associated structures like hair and nails

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all reactions that take place ensuring the organisms stays alive

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4
Q

2 types of metabolism for sustaining physiological functions:

A
  • Anabolism: Combines simpler molecules into larger, more complex substances (eg. Amino acids combining to make proteins)
  • Catabolism: Breaks down larger, more complex substances into smaller and simpler molecules (eg. Maltose broken down into two glucose)
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5
Q

Exchange of material

A

Organisms constantly interact with environment by exchanging materials. (eg. CO2 and glucose crossing the plasma membranes, food getting ingested, waste materials getting eliminated)

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6
Q

Responsiveness

A

Ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environment (eg. Increased body temperature in humans will cause the production of sweat and the dilation of blood vessels to cool the body)

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7
Q

Movement

A

Human movement includes not only actions at the joint of the body, but also the motion of individual organs and individual cells

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8
Q

3 examples of movement in biological organization:

A
  • Red and white blood cells move through blood vessels
  • Muscle cells contract and relax to effect movement of body parts
  • Unicellular organisms move substances in and out through the cell membrane
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9
Q

Development

A

All changes that the body goes through in life, including cell differentiation, growth, and repair

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10
Q

Growth

A

Increase in body size due to increase in cell size, cell number, or accumulation of non-cellular material

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11
Q

Reproduction

A

Formation of new organisms from parent organisms

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12
Q

Levels of structural organizations (6):

A
  • Chemical level
  • Cellular level
  • Tissue level
  • Organ level
  • Organ system level
  • Organismal level
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13
Q

Chemical level (3):

A
  • Atom is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter
  • Molecule formed by at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond
  • Important biological macromolecules (eg. Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid)
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14
Q

Cellular level (3):

A
  • Organelles
  • Cell itself is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms
  • Unicellular and multicellular cells
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15
Q

Organ

A

Anatomically distinct structure of body composed of two or more types of tissue

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16
Q

Organ system

A

Group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of body

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17
Q

Organelles

A

“Little organ”; Membrane enclosed bodies in a cell that has unique functions - Think of organs in our body, but cells have organelles

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18
Q

Unicellular cell

A

Organisms composed of a single cell (eg. Bacteria, amoeba, paramecium, yeast)

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19
Q

Multicellular cel

A

Organisms composed of many cells (plants, animals)

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20
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

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21
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

Organisms that don’t contain any membrane bound organelles and are always part of unicellular organisms

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22
Q

Tissue & organ level (2):

A
  • Cells combine to form tissues
  • Collection of tissues that share a larger common function are called organs
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23
Q

Tissue

A

Groups of similar cells working together to carry out the same function

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24
Q

Examples of some tissues in animals (4):

A
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
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25
Q

Example of some tissues in plants (3):

A
  • Dermal tissue
  • Vascular tissue
  • Ground tissue
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26
Q

Organ

A

Collection of tissues that share a larger common function

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27
Q

Examples of some organs in animals (5):

A
  • Liver
  • Kidney
  • Stomach
  • Brain
  • Heart
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28
Q

Examples of some organs in plants (3):

A
  • Root
  • Stem
  • Leaves
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29
Q

Organisms

A

Individual living entities that may be unicellular (bacteria) or multicellular (tree)

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30
Q

What do all living cells in a multicellular organism contain

A

An internal cytoplasmic compartment, composed of cytosol and organelles

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31
Q

Cytosol

A

Jelly like substance within the cell that provides a water-based fluid necessary for biochemical reactions

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32
Q

Cell membrane function

A

Separates the internal contents of the cell from the extracellular environment and regulates passage of some substances in and out of cell

33
Q

Cell membrane structure

A

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The phospholipids form a bilayer that provides a selectively permeable barrier

34
Q

Selectively permeable barrier

A

Where some molecules and compounds pass easily through the membrane, while others are prevented from passing at all

35
Q

Cytoplasm and function

A

Comprises the contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane. Provides platform upon which other organelles ca operate within the cell

36
Q

Cytoplasm structure

A

Composed of organelles suspended in a gel-like cytosol. Cytoplasm is 70-80% water but it has a semi-solid consistency due to the proteins

37
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

38
Q

What do the organelles in the endomembrane system consist of (5):

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosome
  • Vesicles
  • Cell membrane
39
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Series of interconnected membranous tubules involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism

40
Q

Rough ER function

A

Continuous with the nuclear envelope, studded with millions of membrane bound ribosomes and has flattened membranes. It is involved with the production, folding, quality control and despatch of some proteins

41
Q

Smooth ER function

A

Synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids. Involved in the detoxification of medications and poisons, alcohol metabolism, and storage of calcium ions

42
Q

What happens to modified proteins and phospholipids

A

The modified proteins and phospholipids are packed into transport vesicles fuse Golgi Apparatus

43
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

A

Contains a cis face (facing the ER) and a trans face (facing the cell membrane). Proteins and lipids from the ER enter golgi at cis face and exit at trans face

44
Q

Golgi Apparatus function

A

Functions as a factory in which proteins and lipids are packaged and further processed and get “tagged” with molecules to enable them to be routed to proper destinations

45
Q

2 main ways that cells can leave the golgi appartus

A

Some leave in transport vesicles that deposit the contents into other parts of the cell, and some leave in secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents OUTSIDE cell

46
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Takes proteins/lipids to where they need to go in cell

47
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

Will take the proteins/lipids to cell membrane to exit the cell

48
Q

Lysosome function (2):

A
  • Contains digestive enzymes that break down and digest unneeded cellular components, such as damaged organelle in a process called autophagy (self eating)
  • Destroy pathogenic organisms that might enter cell
49
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“Cell eating” - engulf

50
Q

Autolysis

A

“Self destruct” mechanism and makes process of cell death controlled

51
Q

How are vesicles formed

A

When the membrane bulges out and pinches off

52
Q

Vesicles

A

Membrane-bound sacs that function in transport and can also fuse with other membranes within the cell system

53
Q

Vesicles fusing (2):

A
  • Vesicles produced by the rough ER will travel to an fuse with the golgi apparatus
  • Vesicles produced by the golgi apparatus will travel to and fuse with the cell membrane
54
Q

Ribosomes

A

Cellular structures responsible for the synthesis for proteins and consists of a large and small subunit made and assembled in the NUCLEUS and transported to CYTOPLASM where the final ribosome is assembled. They can also be found bound to either the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane or the cytoplasmic side of the ER

55
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Float in the cytoplasm as single structures or clustered

56
Q

Mitochondria

A

Responsible for making ATP in the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration

57
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Oval shaped, double membrane bound organelles that have their own ribosomes and DNA

58
Q

Cristae

A

Inner membrane folds in mitochondria

59
Q

Matrix

A

Semi fluid inside the mitochondrion

60
Q

Nucleus

A

Most prominent organelle and is the control center of cell because it houses the cell’s DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins. Nucleus sends commands to cells via molecular messengers

61
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane structure of nucleus containing nuclear pores to control passage in and out of nucleus and continuous with the ER

62
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Semi-fluid substance in the nucleus, the chromatin, and the nucleolus

63
Q

Chromosome

A

Linear piece of DNA associated with various proteins

64
Q

Chromatin

A

Combination of DNA and proteins in chromosomes

65
Q

Example of a cell without a nuclei

A

Red blood cells

66
Q

Cell division

A

Part of a larger sequence of events called the cell cycle, which generates two new cells as cells must replace themselves over the lifetime of a person

67
Q

What cells do not undergo cell division (4):

A
  • Red blood cells
  • Most neurons
  • Some muscle cells
  • Gametes
68
Q

Somatic cell

A

General term for a body cell except for the cells that produce eggs and sperm (germ cells)

69
Q

Cell growth

A

Once cells divide, they grow and increase in size (eg. Nerve cells appearing as small cells but then elongate to become long, or muscle cells growing long as muscles form)

70
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Process by which unspecialized cells (stem cells) become specialized to carry out distinct functions within the body. It is important because it leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology

71
Q

Stem cell

A

Cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body. They are unique because it can continually divide and regenerate new stem cells instead of further specializing

72
Q

Example of stem cells (3):

A
  • Embryonic stem cells of embryo
  • Fetal stem cells of fetus
  • Adult stem cells for adults
73
Q

Cell specialization

A

As cells specialize, they make undertake major changes in size, shape, activity and overall function

74
Q

Muscle fibres (cell specialization)

A

Long-slender structures that are well suited to contracting to produce movement

75
Q

Neurons/nerve cell (cell specialization)

A

Exceptionally long and thin to transmit information

76
Q

Erythrocytes/red blood cells (cell specialization)

A

Used to transport oxygen in blood. They are tiny in size and the lack of nucleus make them well suited to squeeze through capillaries and lack of mitochondria means they do not use up the oxygen they deliver to cells

77
Q

Leukocytes/white blood cells (cell specialization)

A

Larger than erythrocytes/red blood cells which allow them to engulf large particles or whole cells

78
Q

Nucleolus

A

Where ribosome subunits are produced

BIOL1103 (24 decks)

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