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BIOL1103 > ATOMS/MOLECULES, WATER, BIOCHEM > Flashcards

ATOMS/MOLECULES, WATER, BIOCHEM Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

How many naturally occurring elements are there?

A

92 and elements cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means

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3
Q

Which 4 elements are essential for life in our human body, give the %

A

Oxygen 56%, carbon 18.5%, hydrogen 9.5%, nitrogen 3.2%

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4
Q

Trace elements and examples (14)

A

Minerals present in living tissues in small amounts, usually as catalysts in enzyme systems. It can lead to serious physiological conditions if they are lacking in diet (eg. boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, zinc)

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5
Q

Molecule

A

Combination of two or more atoms joined by a chemical bond (eg. N2, H2O, O2, CH4N2O)

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6
Q

Compound

A

Substance containing at least two DIFFERENT elements joined by a chemical bond (eg. H2O, CH4N2O, C6H12O6)

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7
Q

Organic compounds

A

Contains carbon and hydrogen (eg. C6H12O6, CH4N2O)

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8
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Does not contain both carbon and hydrogen (eg. H2O, CO2)

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9
Q

Importance of carbon

A

Chemically versatile as carbon has the ability to form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms; can combine with other major elements to form an endless variety of organic compounds (eg. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid).

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10
Q

Protons

A

Positive charge, found in nucleus, and has one unit of mass

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11
Q

Electron

A

Negative charge, orbits nucleus in the cloud because they are attracted to protons, and has almost no mass

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12
Q

Neutrons

A

No charge, found in the nucleus, and has one unit of mass

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13
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons and electrons in a NEUTRAL ATOM

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14
Q

Mass number

A

Number of protons and neutrons combined; subtract the atomic number from the mass to find the number of neutrons

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15
Q

Electron shells

A

Outside portion of an atom around the atomic nucleus that electrons occupy at a distinct energy level

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16
Q

Maximum number of electrons in each shell

A

2, 8, 18, 32, 32

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17
Q

Octet rule

A

Tendency of atoms to have 8 electrons in valence shell which makes them non reactive

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18
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost electron shell; if the valence shell is not full, the atom will tend to be reactive with other atoms to fill its valence shell

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19
Q

All atoms except ___ and ___ are stable when there are exactly 8 electrons in the valence shell

A

Hydrogen and helium

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20
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Attraction between nonmetal and metal; two oppositely charged ions and COMPLETE transfer of electrons

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21
Q

Cation

A

Positive charge ion formed when it loses one or more electrons

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22
Q

Anion

A

Negative charge ion formed when it gains one or more electrons

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23
Q

Covalent bond

A

Attraction between two nonmetals; shares electrons in a mutually stabilizing relationship (no gain or loss of electrons). They are very stable as electrons move back and forth between atoms and are not broken apart in water

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24
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

Bond that occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other

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25
Q

Single covalent bond

A

Two atoms sharing one pair of electrons

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26
Q

Double covalent bond

A

Two atoms sharing two pairs of electrons

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27
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Bond that occurs when there is an unequal sharing of electrons which results in a slight negative charge at one end of molecule and a slight positive charge at other end

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28
Q

What is a good example of a polar molecule

A

Water; The atomic nucleus of oxygen (8 protons) exerts a charge eight times greater than that of each hydrogen (1 proton). Oxygen region has a partial negative charge and the hydrogen region has a partial positive charge

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29
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds. One of the atoms is hydrogen, while the other may be any electronegative atom, such as oxygen, chlorine, or fluorine usually represented by dotted lines and WEAKER than ionic and covalent bonds (eg. Water)

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30
Q

Chemical properties of water (3):

A
  • Water is polar; oxygen has partial negative charge and hydrogen has partial positive charge
  • The opposing partial electrical charges pull the atoms in a way and creates a triangular shape
  • Hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen of one molecule and the oxygen of another
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31
Q

Physical properties of water (3):

A
  • Liquid water is MORE DENSE than ice even though for most substances, the solid state is more dense
  • Water has a boiling point of 100 degrees C
  • Formation of hydrogen bonds leads to surface tension where the attraction between the water molecules allows a film of water to resist changes in shape
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32
Q

Functions of water as a lubricant & cushion (4):

A
  • Synovial fluid lubricates actions of body joints
  • Water in pleural fluid helps lungs expand and recoil
  • Water fluids help keep food flowing through digestive tract and friction free
  • Water protects cells and organs from physical trauma
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33
Q

3 ways listed from the lecture that water protects cells and organs from physical trauma:

A
  • Cushions the brain with the cell
  • Protects the delicate nerve tissue in eyes
  • Cushions a developing fetus in mother’s womb
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34
Q

Heat sink

A

Absorbs and dissipates heat without experiencing a corresponding increase in temperature

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35
Q

Water as a heat sink (3):

A
  • When temperature rises in the environment, the water stored in our body plays a crucial role in regulating our body temperature by aiding the cooling process
  • Warm blood from body’s core flows to capillaries in the skin and radiates heat to the environment
  • Sweat evaporates from skin, breaking hydrogen bonds that use up heat energy and cools the blood in the capillaries
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36
Q

Mixture

A

Combination of two or more substances, each of which maintains its own chemical identity

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37
Q

Water as a component of liquid mixtures:

A

Cells are kept in a moist water based liquid called a solution to survive in the body

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38
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Monomers become a polymer and water is PRODUCED = larger formation (one reactant gives up an atom of H and another reactant gives up a OH in synthesis of new product)

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39
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Uses water to break apart polymers into monomers (molecule of water disrupts a compound and breaks its bond = water split into H and OH)

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40
Q

Body water content in age (4):

A
  • 75% of body mass water in infants
  • 45% of body mass water old age
  • 50% of body mass water women
  • 60% of body mass water men
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41
Q

Intracellular fluid (6):

A
  • Includes all fluid enclosed in cells by their plasma membranes
  • Lies within cells and principle component of cytosol/cytoplasm
  • Makes up 60% (2/3) of total water in human body and about 25L (7 gal) in adult males
  • Very stable because the amount of water in the cell is highly regulated
  • Too little water = cytosol becomes too concentrated and cant operate normally
  • Too much water = cell may burst
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42
Q

Extracellular fluid (4):

A
  • Surrounds all the cells in the body and has two major components –> blood plasma (fluid component of blood), and interstitial fluid (surrounds all cells not in blood)
  • 1/3 of body’s water content
  • 20% found in blood plasma and travels through body in blood vessels and transports materials throughout the body such as blood cells, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, waste between capillaries and interstitial fluid
  • Cells are separated from the interstitial fluid by a selectively permeable cell membrane
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43
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Bathes the brain and spinal cord

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44
Q

Lymph

A

In vessels of the lymphatic system

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45
Q

Synovial fluid

A

In some articulating joints

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46
Q

Pleural fluid

A

Surrounds lungs

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47
Q

Pericardial fluid

A

Surrounds heart

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48
Q

Peritoneal fluid

A

Surrounds the abdominopelvic organs

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49
Q

Aqueous bumor

A

Eyes

50
Q

Water content of body’s organs and tissues (10):

A
  • Brain 80-85%
  • Teeth 8-10%
  • Lungs 75-80%
  • Heart 75-80%
  • Bones 20-25%
  • Liver 70-75%
  • Kidneys 80-85%
  • Blood 80%
  • Skin 70-75%
  • Muscles 70-75%
51
Q

Carbon (4):

A
  • Forms the fundamental components of most biological molecules
  • Carbon atom contains four electrons in its valence shell = can form four single covalent bonds
  • Carbon skeletons can then form the basis for an endless array of molecules
  • Carbon atoms can bind with atoms of other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus, the molecules can also form rings which can link with other rings
52
Q

What element does carbon covalently bond with the most

A

Hydrogen

53
Q

Functional groups

A

A group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds and tending to function in chemical reactions as a single unit (think of tightly knit cliques whose members cant be parted)

54
Q

5 functional groups important in human physiology

A

Hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, methyl, phosphate

55
Q

Hydroxyl (-OH)

A

Polar, components of all 4 types of organic compounds, involved in dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, and hydrogen bonding

56
Q

Carboxy (-COOH)

A

Found within fatty acids and amino acids + organic acids

57
Q

Amino (-NH2)

A

Found within amino acids = the building blocks of protein

58
Q

Methyl (-CH3)

A

Component of amino acids? + fatty acids

59
Q

Phosphate (-PO4^2-)

A

Found within phospholipids and nucleotides

60
Q

Monomers

A

” one “ and “part”

61
Q

Polymers

A

Macromolecules made up of multiple copies of single units called monomers

62
Q

Use of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in monomers and polymers

A
  • Monomers link together to form polymers through dehydration synthesis
  • Polymers are split into monomers through hydrolysis
63
Q

Carbohydrate functions (5):

A
  • The carbohydrates that the body uses for energy originates mostly from plant-based foods
  • Polysaccharides such as starch play a role as a primary energy source, especially glucose
  • Short chains of carbohydrates can be used for the glycocalyx that surrounds most animal cells
  • Human body stores glucose in body as glycogen
  • Pentose sugars are critical components of ATP and the nucleotides of DNA and RNA
64
Q

“Generic” carbohydrate molecule

A

“Hydration of carbon” (CH2O)

65
Q

Monosaccharides (4):

A
  • Monomer of carbohydrates
  • Simple sugars, usually glucose C6H12O6
  • Number of carbon atoms ranges from 3 to 6
  • Exists as linear chain or ring shaped
66
Q

5 important monosaccharides:

A
  • Glucose (hexose sugar)
  • Fructose (hexose sugar)
  • Galactose (hexose sugar)
  • Deoxyribose (pentose sugar)
  • Ribose (pentose sugar)
67
Q

Hexose sugar

A

6 atoms of carbon

68
Q

Pentose sugar

A

5 atoms of carbon

69
Q

Glucose

A

Important source of energy. Organisms use the energy released from glucose to make ATP

70
Q

Disaccharide

A

Chemical reactions of two monosaccharides joined together through dehydration synthesis and bonds of glycosidic (glyco = sugar) bonds

71
Q

3 important disaccharides:

A
  • Glucose + glucose: Maltose (malt sugar)
  • Glucose + fructose: Sucrose (table sugar) - Galactose + glucose: Lactose (milk sugar)
  • Dissacharides are split into monosaccharides through hydrolysis in digestive tract
72
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Long chain of monosaccharides. Can be a few to a thousand monosaccharides

73
Q

3 important polysaccharides:

A
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
74
Q

Starch

A

Polymers of glucose occurring in long chains called amylose or branched chains called amylopectin and are stored in plant-based foods and easy to digest

75
Q

Glycogen

A

Polymers of glucose stored in tissues of animals especially in muscles and livers and are NOT considered a dietary carbohydrate but human body stores excess glucose as glycogen

76
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide made of glucose and is the primary component of cell wall of green plants or fibers in humans. Cellulose is NOT digestible

77
Q

Lipid

A

Highly diverse group of compounds made up of mostly hydrocarbons. All lipids are at least partly hydrophobic

78
Q

Types of lipids (4):

A
  • Fatty acids (unsaturated/saturated)
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
  • Neutral fats
79
Q

Emulsion

A

Mixture of liquids that do not dissolve in each other and having droplets of one liquid scattered throughout the other

80
Q

Triglycerides structure

A

One of the most common dietary lipid groups most abundantly found in body tissues and consist of a glycerol molecule covalently bonded to three fatty acids

81
Q

Glycerol structure

A

Organic compound with 3 carbon atoms

82
Q

Fatty acid structure

A

Long chain of hydrocarbons with an acid carboxyl group on the end; Each fatty acid is covalently bound to one of the 3 oxygen atoms of the glycerol molecule through dehydration synthesis, producing three molecules of wate

83
Q

Saturated fatty acid structure

A

Lacks double bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

84
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid structure

A

At least one double bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

85
Q

Saturated fat example

A

Tend to pack tightly in fatty acid chains and therefore solid at room temperature. They are of animal origin (eg. Butter, lard)

86
Q

Unsaturated fat example

A

Double bond causes bend in the fatty acid chain and prevents them from packing tightly, therefore they are considered oils and liquid at room temperature (eg. Vegetable oil, palm oil)

87
Q

Triglyceride function (4):

A
  • Major fuel source for body and used when glucose storages are low, and also fuels long and slow physical activities
  • Assists the absorption of the non-polar-fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K
  • Protects and cushions body’s bones and internal organs and acts as insulation
  • Components of glycolipids
88
Q

Glycolipids

A

Sugar-fat compounds found in cell membrane

89
Q

Phospholipids

A

Class of lipids that are constituent of plasma membrane. Contains a hydrophilic (water loving) head made of a phosphate group and two hydrophobic (water hating) tails made from fatty acids joined by a glycerol molecule

90
Q

Membrane

A

All cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a bilayer of phospholipids. Fatty acids of both layers of phospholipids face towards each other, away from the water inside and outside cell and the hydrophilic head faces towards the watery fluid

91
Q

Steroids

A

Class of lipids with a molecular structure containing four rings of carbon and a short hydrocarbon tail that are most known for hormones and cholesterol

92
Q

Steroid functions (3):

A
  • Synthesized by the liver and present in most animal-based foods
  • Component of bile acids to help emulsify dietary fats
  • Building blocks of hormones
93
Q

Proteins

A

Organic molecule always composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds dehydration synthesis. Critical components of all tissues and organs and play key structural and chemical roles in the body

94
Q

Microstructure of proteins

A

Polymers made up of nitrogen-containing monomers (amino acids)

95
Q

How many types of amino acids are there

A

20 but proteins in our body contain a unique combination of a few dozen to a few hundred

96
Q

Amino acid general structure

A

Molecule composed of an amino group and a carboxyl group together with a variable side chain

97
Q

What do all 20 of the amino acids contain:

A
  • Hydrogen atom
  • Alkaline (basic) amino group NH2
  • Acidic carboxyl group COOH
  • Variable group
98
Q

R group

A

Remainder group that determines the type of amino acid it becomes

99
Q

1 amino acid

A

amino acid

100
Q

2 amino acid

A

dipeptide

101
Q

3 amino acid

A

tripeptide

102
Q

More than 5 amino acids

A

polypeptide

103
Q

50-70 amino acids

A

protein

104
Q

Peptide bond

A

Covalent bond between two amino acids that forms by dehydration synthesis

105
Q

Why do all proteins have different shapes

A

They have different shapes because proteins have different functions

106
Q

Primary structure

A

Linear sequence of amino acids, it looks like a chain held by peptide bonds

107
Q

Secondary structure

A

Twisting of helix held by hydrogen bonds. Most common patterns are beta pleated sheet and alpha-helix

108
Q

Tertiary structure

A

3D globular shape produced by the folding of the already coiled and folded chain of amino acids from 1 and 2 level structure of proteins.

109
Q

Quartenary structure

A

More than one tertiary protein together into a globular mass

110
Q

Denaturation

A

Process where a protein’s shape is altered causing it to lose its function

111
Q

8 main protein functions:

A
  • Mechanical support: Some proteins forms structural basis of cells, tissues, and organs (eg. Keratin found in skin cells and hair, and collagen found in almost all tissues)
  • Movement: Some proteins change shape to allow movement (eg. Actin and myosin used in muscle contraction)
  • Regulate metabolism: Some proteins act as hormones and cause regulatory effects on body systems (eg. Oxytocin produced by hypothalamus, and insulin used to lower blood sugar)
  • Regulate body fluid pH: Some proteins act as acids or bases to buffer solutions (eg. Albumin and hemoglobin)
  • Defend the body: Some proteins assist in fighting off organisms that invade the organism (eg. Antibodies)
  • Transport: Some proteins carry molecules throughout the boy (eg. Hemoglobin transporting oxygen and CO2 in circulatory system)
  • Molecular chaperone: Some proteins are essential to the production of other proteins and the appropriate breakdown of damaged proteins (eg. Heat-shock proteins produced in response to environmental stress)
  • Catalytic action: Some proteins act as enzymes to speed up chemical reactions (eg. Salivary amylase used to break down starch into maltose)
112
Q

Nucleotides and nucleic acids

A

Carry genetic blueprint of a cell and carry instructions for the functioning of the cell and contains a nitrogenous base, a pentose (5-carbon) sugar, and a phosphate group. The nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar and the sugar is attached to the phosphate group

113
Q

2 main types of nucleic acids

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) constructed from monomers called nucleotides

114
Q

DNA

A

Found in the nucleus for genetic material found in all living organisms and directs protein synthesis and double stranded

115
Q

RNA

A

Found in the cytoplasm (cell area outside nucleus) and carries out genetic instructions for protein synthesis and is single stranded

116
Q

DNA structure

A

Double helix composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups outside of each strand forming the backbone, and the nitrogenous bases stacked in the interior with the nitrogenous bases from one strand binding to those of the opposite strand held by hydrogen bonds forming base pairs

117
Q

DNA bases

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

118
Q

RNA bases

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

119
Q

ATP (Adenosine tri-phosphate) (4):

A
  • Important nucleotide not part of a nucleic acid
  • It is composed of ribose sugar, adenine base and 3 phosphate groups
  • High energy compound because the two covalent bonds linking its three phosphates store a significant amount of potential energy and the breaking of the bonds help fuel the body’s activities
  • Powered by mitochondria
120
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound, in this case, resulting in ATP

BIOL1103 (24 decks)

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